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      Clinical forms and outcome of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo - Brazil

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          Abstract

          Tuberculosis (TB)/HIV co-infection significantly changes the natural history of both diseases. Proper comprehension and clinical management of co-infected TB/HIV patients is still a challenge, particularly in places like Brazil, where both types of infection are prevalent. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the frequency of the clinical forms of TB in HIV-infected patients; correlate the clinical forms of TB with the level of immunodeficiency; evaluate the response to therapy with different regimens for the treatment of TB; identify potential prognostic factors in TB/HIV patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The following data were collected at the beginning of the study: medical history, epidemiological background, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation (complete blood cell count, T lymphocyte subsets, viral load and tuberculin test). Monthly clinical follow-up was performed, with attention to adverse reactions to tuberculostatic drugs. TCD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte counts and quantification of the viral load were performed after 2, 4, 6, 10 and 15 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 78 patients (45 males and 33 females) and their mean age was 36.4 ± 7.9 years The mean TCD4+ count values were higher in patients with the cavitary pulmonary form and lower in patients with disseminated forms. There were no significant differences in the mean TCD8+ cells counts . in the different clinical forms of TB. However, the mean laboratory values for hemoglobin, hematocrit and leucocytes at study entry did differ significantly among the various clinical forms of TB. At the end of the trial, the Tb recovery rate was of 78%, with four cases (5%) of treatment failure, eight (11%) treatment discontinuations and five deaths (6.4%). The highest rate of treatment failure (75%) was observed among patients with the disseminated form. Lower TCD4+ mean values were observed in cases of treatment failure and death. There was a correlation between the TCD4+ cell values and the TB outcome at the six time points. TCD8+ (cells/mm³) mean values assessed at the six time points in relation to the TB outcome indicated (non-significantly) lower values in patients who progressed to treatment failure. Considering the different TB outcomes, there was a significant correlation between TCD8+ values at the first and third assessments. Lower mean values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet and leukocytes were observed among the cases of treatment failure than in patients who recovered. The variables hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes and platelets were significantly different among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The pulmonary forms of TB were most frequent in HIV infected patients; the extrapulmonary, associated and disseminated forms were predominantly seen in patients with a more severe level of immunosuppression. The TB recovery rate in HIV infected patients was similar to the expected rate in non-infected individuals. The best results were obtained when regimens containing rifampicin were used. Pancytopenia and low levels of TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocytes at the initial time point of the study were correlated with an unfavorable outcome of TB, and therefore they can be considered potential prognostic factors. However, the of TCD8+ lymphocyte values were the most important variable assessed.

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          Fundamentals of biostatistics

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            Bioestat 5.3 aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências biológicas e médicas

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              Radiological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis.

              Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a common worldwide lung infection. The radiological features show considerable variation, but in most cases they are characteristic enough to suggest the diagnosis. Classically, tuberculosis is divided into primary, common in childhood, and postprimary, usually presenting in adults. The most characteristic radiological feature in primary tuberculosis is lymphadenopathy. On enhanced CT, hilar and mediastinal nodes with a central hypodense area suggest the diagnosis. Cavitation is the hallmark of postprimary tuberculosis and appears in around half of patients. Patchy, poorly defined consolidation in the apical and posterior segments of the upper lobes, and in the superior segment of the lower lobe is also commonly observed. Several complications are associated with tuberculous infection, such as hematogenous dissemination (miliary tuberculosis) or extension to the pleura, resulting in pleural effusion. Late complications of tuberculosis comprise a heterogeneous group of processes including tuberculoma, bronchial stenosis bronchiectasis, broncholithiasis, aspergilloma, bronchoesophageal fistula and fibrosing mediastinitis. Radiology provides essential information for the management and follow up of these patients and is extremely valuable for monitoring complications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bjid
                Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
                Braz J Infect Dis
                Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (Salvador )
                1678-4391
                December 2005
                : 9
                : 6
                : 464-478
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas Brazil
                Article
                S1413-86702005000600004
                10.1590/S1413-86702005000600004
                21008e98-b1eb-4301-9577-ed523cd8a638

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1413-8670&lng=en
                Categories
                INFECTIOUS DISEASES

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Tuberculosis (TB),prognostic factors,co-infection TB/HIV,HAART

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