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      Inter-slice leakage and intra-slice aliasing in simultaneous multi-slice echo-planar images

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          Abstract

          Simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) imaging is a popular technique for increasing acquisition speed in echo-planar imaging (EPI) fMRI. However, SMS data are prone to motion sensitivity and slice leakage artefacts, which spread signal between simultaneously acquired slices. Relevant to motion sensitivity, artefacts from moving anatomic structures propagate along the phase-encoding (PE) direction. This is particularly relevant for eye movement. As signal from the eye is acquired along with signal from simultaneously excited slices during SMS, there is potential for signal to spread in-plane and between spatially remote slices. After identifying an artefact temporally coinciding with signal fluctuations in the eye and spatially distributed in correspondence with multiband slice acceleration and parallel imaging factors, we conducted a series of small experiments to investigate eye movement artefacts in SMS data and the contribution of PE direction to the invasiveness of these artefacts. Five healthy adult volunteers were scanned during a blinking task using a standard SMS-EPI protocol with posterior-to-anterior ( P ≫  A), anterior-to-posterior ( A ≫  P) or right-to-left ( R ≫  L) PE direction. The intensity of signal fluctuations (artefact severity) was measured at expected artefact positions and control positions. We demonstrated a direct relationship between eye movements and artefact severity across expected artefact regions. Within-brain artefacts were apparent in P ≫  A- and A ≫  P-acquired data but not in R ≫  L data due to the shift in artefact positions. Further research into eye motion artefacts in SMS data is warranted but researchers should exercise caution with SMS protocols. We recommend rigorous piloting of SMS protocols and switching to R ≫  L/ L ≫  R PE where feasible.

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          The online version of this article (10.1007/s00429-020-02053-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Multiband multislice GE-EPI at 7 tesla, with 16-fold acceleration using partial parallel imaging with application to high spatial and temporal whole-brain fMRI.

          Parallel imaging in the form of multiband radiofrequency excitation, together with reduced k-space coverage in the phase-encode direction, was applied to human gradient echo functional MRI at 7 T for increased volumetric coverage and concurrent high spatial and temporal resolution. Echo planar imaging with simultaneous acquisition of four coronal slices separated by 44mm and simultaneous 4-fold phase-encoding undersampling, resulting in 16-fold acceleration and up to 16-fold maximal aliasing, was investigated. Task/stimulus-induced signal changes and temporal signal behavior under basal conditions were comparable for multiband and standard single-band excitation and longer pulse repetition times. Robust, whole-brain functional mapping at 7 T, with 2 x 2 x 2mm(3) (pulse repetition time 1.25 sec) and 1 x 1 x 2mm(3) (pulse repetition time 1.5 sec) resolutions, covering fields of view of 256 x 256 x 176 mm(3) and 192 x 172 x 176 mm(3), respectively, was demonstrated with current gradient performance. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Use of multicoil arrays for separation of signal from multiple slices simultaneously excited.

            Increased acquisition efficiency has been achieved by exciting several slices simultaneously. The mixed data were unfolded to produce separate slices using the spatial encoding information inherent in a multicoil receiver system. Each coil yields a linear combination of signals from all excited slices weighted by the sensitivity of each coil. A matrix inversion provides a solution to unfold these images.
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              Effect of phase-encoding direction on group analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging: Phase-encoding direction affects rsfMRI

              Echo-planar imaging is a common technique used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); however, it suffers from image distortion and signal loss because of large susceptibility effects that are related to the phase-encoding direction of the scan. Despite this relation, the majority of neuroimaging studies has not considered the influence of phase-encoding direction. Here, we aimed to clarify how phase-encoding direction can affect the outcome of an fMRI connectivity study of schizophrenia (SCZ).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                c.b.mcnabb@reading.ac.uk
                Journal
                Brain Struct Funct
                Brain Struct Funct
                Brain Structure & Function
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1863-2653
                1863-2661
                5 March 2020
                5 March 2020
                2020
                : 225
                : 3
                : 1153-1158
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9435.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0457 9566, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, , University of Reading, ; Harry Pitt Building, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 7BE UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.9435.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0457 9566, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, , University of Reading, Earley Gate, ; Reading, RG6 7BE UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.9435.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0457 9566, Technical Support, , University of Reading, ; Reading, UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.416629.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0377 2137, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, ; Kami, Kochi Japan
                [5 ]GRID grid.1027.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0409 2862, School of Health Sciences, , Swinburne University of Technology, ; Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-5177
                Article
                2053
                10.1007/s00429-020-02053-2
                7166208
                32140847
                210382e5-18d5-4296-96f4-f1c1ba0c3ae2
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 31 July 2019
                : 21 February 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: McGuigan Early Career Investigator Prize
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science;
                Award ID: 15H05401, 16H06406, and 18H01102
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275, Leverhulme Trust;
                Award ID: RPG-2016-146 and RL-2016-030
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Short Communication
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

                Neurology
                slice leakage,fmri,artefact,eye blink,multiband,phase-encoding direction
                Neurology
                slice leakage, fmri, artefact, eye blink, multiband, phase-encoding direction

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