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      Call for Papers: Green Renal Replacement Therapy: Caring for the Environment

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      The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Kidney in Health and Disease

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          Abstract

          Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent endothelial cell mitogen, angiogenic factor and enhancer of vascular permeability. Expressed in the epithelial cells of the developing glomerulus and tubular epithelium, VEGF plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the early vasculature of the kidney. Here, we review the available literature regarding the expression and function of VEGF both in the developing and healthy adult kidney. Furthermore, we highlight how VEGF expression is altered in the diseased kidney and how this modulated expression may impact on and reflect underlying functional changes occurring during the disease process. As discussed, many controversial issues remain, particularly concerning the role of VEGF in the diseased kidney. That VEGF has been proposed as a potential future therapeutic target for the management of some renal diseases requires first that the precise role of VEGF in the normal kidney and various renal pathologies be further and more clearly defined.

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          Most cited references31

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          Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid

          Tumor ascites fluids from guinea pigs, hamsters, and mice contain activity that rapidly increases microvascular permeability. Similar activity is also secreted by these tumor cells and a variety of other tumor cell lines in vitro. The permeability-increasing activity purified from either the culture medium or ascites fluid of one tumor, the guinea pig line 10 hepatocarcinoma, is a 34,000- to 42,000-dalton protein distinct from other known permeability factors.
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            Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

            This phase II trial investigated the safety and efficacy of two doses of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor, plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) versus FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. One hundred four previously untreated patients with measurable metastatic colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatment groups: 36 to FU (500 mg/m(2))/LV (500 mg/m(2)) alone, 35 to FU/LV + low-dose bevacizumab (5 mg/kg every 2 weeks), and 33 to FU/LV + high-dose bevacizumab (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks). FU/LV was given weekly for the first 6 weeks of each 8-week cycle. Compared with the FU/LV control arm, treatment with bevacizumab (at both dose levels) plus FU/LV resulted in higher response rates (control arm, 17%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 7% to 34%; low-dose arm, 40%, 95% CI, 24% to 58%; high-dose arm, 24%, 95% CI, 12% to 43%), longer median time to disease progression (control arm, 5.2 months, 95% CI, 3.5 to 5.6 months; low-dose arm, 9.0 months, 95% CI, 5.8 to 10.9 months; high-dose arm, 7.2 months, 95% CI, 3.8 to 9.2 months), and longer median survival (control arm, 13.8 months; 95% CI, 9.1 to 23.0 months; low-dose arm, 21.5 months, 95% CI, 17.3 to undetermined; high-dose arm, 16.1 months; 95% CI, 11.0 to 20.7 months). After cross-over, two of 22 patients had a partial response to bevacizumab alone. Thrombosis was the most significant adverse event and was fatal in one patient. Hypertension, proteinuria, and epistaxis were other potential safety concerns. The encouraging results of this randomized trial support further study of bevacizumab 5 mg/kg plus chemotherapy as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer.
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              Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity.

              Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is initiated by hyperoxia-induced obliteration of newly formed blood vessels in the retina of the premature newborn. We propose that vessel regression is a consequence of hyperoxia-induced withdrawal of a critical vascular survival factor. We show that regression of retinal capillaries in neonatal rats exposed to high oxygen, is preceded by a shut-off of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by nearby neuroglial cells. Vessel regression occurs via selective apoptosis of endothelial cells. Intraocular injection of VEGF at the onset of experimental hyperoxia prevents apoptotic death of endothelial cells and rescues the retinal vasculature. These findings provide evidence for a specific angiogenic factor acting as a vascular survival factor in vivo. The system also provides a paradigm for vascular remodelling as an adaptive response to an increase in oxygen tension and suggests a novel approach to prevention of ROP.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEP
                Nephron Physiol
                10.1159/issn.1660-2137
                Nephron Physiology
                S. Karger AG
                1660-2137
                2004
                November 2004
                29 October 2004
                : 98
                : 3
                : p73-p79
                Affiliations
                aRenal Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, bImmunobiology Group, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, cDivision of Pathology, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, dSchool of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, eGlaxoSmithKline, Translational Medicine and Technology, Greenford, Middlesex, UK
                Article
                80686 Nephron Physiol 2004;98:p73–p79
                10.1159/000080686
                15528952
                21131a86-feb0-47b0-b556-b6b878a2c9cb
                © 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 02 September 1993
                : 08 July 1994
                Page count
                References: 69, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Minireview

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Vascular endothelial growth factor,Glomerular disease,Renal development

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