Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review

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Abstract

A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges. The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs. It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast, and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.

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Most cited references 207

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The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of < or = 2.0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0.008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Hans H. Stein

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anim Nutr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Anim Nutr

Title: Animal Nutrition

Publisher: KeAi Publishing

ISSN (Print): 2405-6545

ISSN (Electronic): 2405-6383

Publication date PMC-release: 08 February 2018

Publication date (Print): June 2018

Publication date (Electronic): 08 February 2018

Volume: 4

Issue: 2

Pages: 113-125

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA

[b ]Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

[c ]Department of Animal Production, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia

[d ]Trouw Nutrition, Boxmeer, 5831 JN, The Netherlands

Author notes

[∗ ]Corresponding author. hstein@ 123456illinois.edu

Article

Publisher ID: S2405-6545(17)30121-X

DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007

PMC ID: 6103469

PubMed ID: 30140751

SO-VID: 21201d65-b796-4234-b645-a448adcb1968

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

History

Date received : 28 June 2017

Date revision received : 14 December 2017

Date accepted : 17 January 2018

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