15
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Left ventricular global strains by linear measurements in three dimensions: interrelations and relations to age, gender and body size in the HUNT Study

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          Strain is a relative deformation and has three dimensions, in the left ventricle (LV) usually longitudinal (ε L), transmural (ε T) and circumferential (ε C) strain. All three components can be measured generically by the basic systolic and diastolic dimension measures of LV wall length, wall thickness and diameter. In this observational study we aimed to study the relations of normal generic strains to age, body size and gender, as well as the interrelations between the three strain components.

          Methods

          Generic strains derived from dimension measures by longitudinal and cross-sectional M-mode in all three dimensions were measured in 1266 individuals without heart disease from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study.

          Results

          The mean ε L was −16.3%, ε C was −22.7% and ε T was 56.5%. Normal values by age and gender are provided. There was a gradient of ε C from the endocardial, via the midwall to the external level, lowest at the external. All strains decreased in absolute values by increasing body surface area (BSA) and age, relations were strongest for ε L. Gender differences were mainly a function of BSA differences. The three strain components were strongly interrelated through myocardial incompressibility.

          Conclusions

          Global systolic strain is the total deformation of the myocardium; the three strain components are the spatial coordinates of this deformation, irrespective of the technology used for measurement. Normal values are method-dependent and not normative across methods. Interrelation of strains indicates a high degree of myocardial incompressibility and that longitudinal strain carries most of the total information.

          Related collections

          Most cited references10

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found
          Is Open Access

          Myocardial strain imaging: review of general principles, validation, and sources of discrepancies

          Abstract Myocardial tissue tracking imaging techniques have been developed for a more accurate evaluation of myocardial deformation (i.e. strain), with the potential to overcome the limitations of ejection fraction (EF) and to contribute, incremental to EF, to the diagnosis and prognosis in cardiac diseases. While most of the deformation imaging techniques are based on the similar principles of detecting and tracking specific patterns within an image, there are intra- and inter-imaging modality inconsistencies limiting the wide clinical applicability of strain. In this review, we aimed to describe the particularities of the echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance deformation techniques, in order to understand the discrepancies in strain measurement, focusing on the potential sources of variation: related to the software used to analyse the data, to the different physics of image acquisition and the different principles of 2D vs. 3D approaches. As strain measurements are not interchangeable, it is highly desirable to work with validated strain assessment tools, in order to derive information from evidence-based data. There is, however, a lack of solid validation of the current tissue tracking techniques, as only a few of the commercial deformation imaging softwares have been properly investigated. We have, therefore, addressed in this review the neglected issue of suboptimal validation of tissue tracking techniques, in order to advocate for this matter.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Age-related normal range of left ventricular strain and torsion using three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography.

            Three-dimensional (3D) speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) is an emerging technology used to quantify left ventricular (LV) function. However, the accuracy and normal values of LV strain and twist using 3D STE have not been established in a large group of normal subjects. The aims of this study were to (1) to evaluate the accuracy of 3D STE analysis of LV strain against a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) reference and (2) to establish age-related normal values of LV strain and torsion using real-time 3D echocardiographic (RT3DE) images. In protocol 1, RT3DE data sets and CMR images were acquired on the same day in 19 patients referred for clinically indicated CMR. Global LV longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain was compared between the two modalities. In protocol 2, global and regional strain and twist and torsion were measured in 313 healthy subjects using 3D STE. In protocol 1, good correlations for each LV strain component were noted between RT3DE imaging and CMR (r = 0.61-0.86, P < .001). In protocol 2, normal global longitudinal, circumferential, radial, and 3D strain were -20.3 ± 3.2%, -28.9 ± 4.6%, 88.0 ± 21.8%, and -37.6 ± 4.8%, respectively. A significant age dependency was observed for global longitudinal and 3D strain. Aging also affected LV torsion: the lowest values were found in children and adolescents, and values subsequently increased with age, while further aging was associated with a gradual reduction in basal rotation accompanied by an increase in apical rotation. This study provides initial validation of 3D strain analysis from RT3DE images and reference values of normal 3D LV strain and torsion. The age-related differences in LV strain and torsion may reflect myocardial maturation and aging. Copyright © 2014 American Society of Echocardiography. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Intervendor variability of two-dimensional strain using vendor-specific and vendor-independent software.

              Although two-dimensional (2D) strain is widely used to assess left ventricular mechanics, the strain values derived from vendor-specific 2D speckle-tracking software are different even for the same subjects and are therefore not interchangeable. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that vendor-independent software would produce lower intervendor variability between 2D strain measurements and overcome this limitation.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Open Heart
                Open Heart
                openhrt
                openheart
                Open Heart
                BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                2053-3624
                2019
                26 September 2019
                : 6
                : 2
                : e001050
                Affiliations
                [1 ]departmentFaculty of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway
                [2 ]departmentCardiology , St Olav University Hospital , Trondheim, Norway
                [3 ]Asgardstrand General Practice , Horten, Norway
                [4 ]departmentDivision of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology , Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust , Tonsberg, Norway
                [5 ]departmentMI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging , NTNU , Trondheim, Norway
                [6 ]departmentCardiology , Levanger Hospital , Levanger, Norway
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Professor Asbjørn Støylen; asbjorn.stoylen@ 123456ntnu.no
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-7066
                Article
                openhrt-2019-001050
                10.1136/openhrt-2019-001050
                6802996
                31673384
                2132b0b7-a27f-4fcd-8938-85ecb4a4d5bd
                © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See:  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                : 02 April 2019
                : 12 July 2019
                : 12 September 2019
                Categories
                Basic and Translational Research
                1506
                Original research
                Custom metadata
                unlocked

                cardiac function,echocardiography,epidemiology
                cardiac function, echocardiography, epidemiology

                Comments

                Comment on this article