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      Antileishmanial, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Some New Aryl Azomethines

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          Abstract

          A series of eighteen azomethines has been synthesized by the reaction of appropriate primary aromatic amines with aryl and/or heteroaryl carboxaldehydes. The synthesized azomethines have been evaluated for their in vitro antileishmanial, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results revealed some antifungal activity of most of the synthesized compounds, whereas the antileishmaniasis activity results highlighted that all synthesized azomethines inhibited parasite growth and most of them showed highly potent action towards Leishmania major promastigotes. No remarkable bactericidal activities were observed.

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          In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs.

          Srdjan Stepanovic, Natasa Antić, Ivana Dakić … (2002)
          The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extract of 13 propolis (EEP) samples from different regions of Serbia against 39 microorganisms (14 resistant or multiresistant to antibiotics), and to determine synergistic activity between antimicrobials and propolis. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples was evaluated by agar diffusion and agar dilution method. The synergistic action of propolis with antimicrobial drugs was assayed by the disc diffusion method on agar containing subinhibitory concentrations of propolis. Obtained results indicate that EEP, irrespectively of microbial resistance to antibiotics, showed significant antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.078%-1.25% of EEP) and yeasts (0.16%-1.25%), while Gram-negative bacteria were less susceptible (1.25%-->5%). Enterococcus faecalis was the most resistant Gram-positive bacterium, Salmonella spp. the most resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans the most resistant yeast. EEP showed synergism with selected antibiotics, and displayed ability to enhance the activities of antifungals. The shown antimicrobial potential of propolis alone or in combination with certain antibiotics and antifungals is of potential medical interest.
          Article 0 comments Cited 61 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Biological screening of Brazilian medicinal plants

            Tânia Alves, Andréia Silva, Mitzi Brandão … (2000)
            In this study, we screened sixty medicinal plant species from the Brazilian savanna ("cerrado") that could contain useful compounds for the control of tropical diseases. The plant selection was based on existing ethnobotanic information and interviews with local healers. Plant extracts were screened for: (a) molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata, (b) toxicity to brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.), (c) antifungal activity in the bioautographic assay with Cladosporium sphaerospermum and (d) antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Forty-two species afforded extracts that showed some degree of activity in one or more of these bioassays.
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              Chemotherapy for leishmaniasis: biochemical mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and future strategies.

              J Berman (2015)
              The 1980s have seen significant advances in the treatment of cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral leishmaniasis. Safe regimens of pentavalent antimony in the form of Pentostam (Wellcome Foundation, London; 20 mg of antimony/[kg.d] for 20-30 days) have produced initial cure rates of greater than 90% in these diseases. Biochemical investigations have demonstrated at least three parasite-specific features relevant to the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents: (1) Organization of glycolytic enzymes and some enzymes of fatty acid catabolism into organelles (glycosomes) occurs in Leishmania but not in mammalian cells. Since antimony inhibits both amastigote catabolism of glucose via glycolytic enzymes and catabolism of fatty acids, the mechanism of action of antimony may relate to alteration of glycosomal structure or function. (2) Purine analogues can be utilized by the salvage pathway of purine biosynthesis in amastigotes to a greater extent than in mammalian cells, and allopurinol and allopurinol ribonucleoside are metabolized into presumably toxic nucleotides by these means. (3) Amastigote sterol biosynthesis is akin to that of such fungi as Candida in that the major demethylated sterol is of the ergostane series and in that ketoconazole inhibits its synthesis. Preliminary clinical studies suggest that the purines and the sterol inhibitors may have clinical utility as oral agents against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Possible treatment strategies for the classic and experimental agents have been proposed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 January 2010
                Publication date Collection: February 2010
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 660-671
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
                [2 ]Synthetic Organic Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: yasinzai_masom@ 123456yahoo.com.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-15-00660
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules15020660
                PMC ID: 6256931
                PubMed ID: 20335936
                SO-VID: 214bf2ba-5b2e-4e45-a8b3-c9df6609aa1b
                Copyright © © 2010 by the authors;
                License:

                licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 05 December 2009
                Date revision received : 28 December 2009
                Date accepted : 08 January 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: azomethines,primary aromatic amines,hetaryl carboxyladehyes,antileishmanial activity,antifungal activity,antibacterial activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: azomethines, primary aromatic amines, hetaryl carboxyladehyes, antileishmanial activity, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity

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