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      A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems.

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          Abstract

          The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Science
          Science (New York, N.Y.)
          American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
          1095-9203
          0036-8075
          Feb 15 2008
          : 319
          : 5865
          Affiliations
          [1 ] National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu
          Article
          319/5865/948
          10.1126/science.1149345
          18276889
          2161fb57-8009-4b6e-81c8-5a17c3aa2c0f
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