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      Thyroid Hormones and Antioxidant Systems: Focus on Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases

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          Abstract

          In previous works we demonstrated an inverse correlation between plasma Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10) and thyroid hormones; in fact, CoQ 10 levels in hyperthyroid patients were found among the lowest detected in human diseases. On the contrary, CoQ 10 is elevated in hypothyroid subjects, also in subclinical conditions, suggesting the usefulness of this index in assessing metabolic status in thyroid disorders. A Low-T3 syndrome is a condition observed in several chronic diseases: it is considered an adaptation mechanism, where there is a reduction in pro-hormone T4 conversion. Low T3-Syndrome is not usually considered to be corrected with replacement therapy. We review the role of thyroid hormones in regulation of antioxidant systems, also presenting data on total antioxidant capacity and Coenzyme Q 10. Published studies suggest that oxidative stress could be involved in the clinical course of different heart diseases; our data could support the rationale of replacement therapy in low-T3 conditions.

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          Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine

          Barry Halliwell, John M. C. Gutteridge (2007)
          Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine has become a classic text in the field of free radical and antioxidant research since its first publication in 1985. <br> This latest edition has been comprehensively rewritten and updated (over 80% of the text is new), while maintaining the clarity of its predecessor. There is expanded coverage of isoprostanes and related compounds, mechanisms of oxidative damage to DNA and proteins (and the repair of such damage), the free radical theory of aging and the roles played by reactive species in signal transduction, cell death, human reproduction, and other important biological events. Greater emphasis has also been placed on the methods available to measure reactive species and oxidative damage (and their potential pitfalls), as well as the importance of antioxidants in the human diet. <br> This book is recommended as a comprehensive introduction to the field for students, clinicians and researchers, and an invaluable companion to all those interested in the role of free radicals in the life and biomedical sciences.
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            Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q10.

            F. Crane (2001)
            Coenzyme Q is well defined as a crucial component of the oxidative phosphorylation process in mitochondria which converts the energy in carbohydrates and fatty acids into ATP to drive cellular machinery and synthesis. New roles for coenzyme Q in other cellular functions are only becoming recognized. The new aspects have developed from the recognition that coenzyme Q can undergo oxidation/reduction reactions in other cell membranes such as lysosomes. Golgi or plasma membranes. In mitochondria and lysosomes, coenzyme Q undergoes reduction/oxidation cycles during which it transfers protons across the membrane to form a proton gradient. The presence of high concentrations of quinol in all membranes provides a basis for antioxidant action either by direct reaction with radicals or by regeneration of tocopherol and ascorbate. Evidence for a function in redox control of cell signaling and gene expression is developing from studies on coenzyme Q stimulation of cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis, control of thiol groups, formation of hydrogen peroxide and control of membrane channels. Deficiency of coenzyme Q has been described based on failure of biosynthesis caused by gene mutation, inhibition of biosynthesis by HMG coA reductase inhibitors (statins) or for unknown reasons in ageing and cancer. Correction of deficiency requires supplementation with higher levels of coenzyme Q than are available in the diet.
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              Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure.

              B Khaw, U Schmidt, T DiSalvo … (1996)
              Heart failure can result from a variety of causes, including ischemic, hypertensive, toxic, and inflammatory heart disease. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible for the progressive deterioration of myocardial function observed in heart failure remain unclear and may result from apoptosis (programmed cell death). We examined seven explanted hearts obtained during cardiac transplantation for evidence of apoptosis. All seven patients had severe chronic heart failure: four had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and three had ischemic cardiomyopathy. DNA fragmentation (an indicator of apoptosis) was identified histochemically by in situ end-labeling as well as by agarose-gel electrophoresis of end-labeled DNA. Myocardial tissues obtained from four patients who had had a myocardial infarction one to two days previously were used as positive controls, and heart tissues obtained from four persons who died in motor vehicle accidents were used as negative controls for the end-labeling studies. Hearts from all four patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and from one of the three patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy had histochemical evidence of DNA fragmentation. All four myocardial samples from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy also demonstrated DNA laddering, a characteristic of apoptosis, whereas this was not seen in any of the samples from patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Histological evidence of apoptosis was also observed in the central necrotic zone of acute myocardial infarcts, but not in myocardium remote from the infarcted zone. Rare isolated apoptotic myocytes were seen in the myocardium from the four persons who died in motor vehicle accidents. Loss of myocytes due to apoptosis occurs in patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy and may contribute to progressive myocardial dysfunction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Collection: December 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 December 2013
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 23893-23909
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Catholic University; Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: bastio984@ 123456hotmail.com (S.R.); chantal_ds86@ 123456hotmail.com (C.D.S.); sarapers@ 123456hotmail.it (M.P.); giovanni.gadotti@ 123456gmail.com (G.G.); pontecorvi@ 123456rm.unicatt.it (A.P.)
                [2 ]Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: asilvestrini@ 123456rm.unicatt.it (A.S.); emeucci@ 123456rm.unicatt.it (E.M.)
                [3 ]Department of Clinical and Molecular Science, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy; E-Mail: festa7r@ 123456libero.it
                [4 ]Department of Clinical and Dental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60100, Italy; E-Mail: l.tiano@ 123456univpm.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mancini.giac@ 123456mclink.it ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-4440; Fax: +39-06-3015-7232.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-14-23893
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223893
                PMC ID: 3876084
                PubMed ID: 24351864
                SO-VID: 216f457d-fdd4-4f18-9cc3-9078a298d6ba
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 September 2013
                Date revision received : 11 November 2013
                Date accepted : 21 November 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: thyroid hormones,“low-t3” syndrome,oxidative stress,coenzyme q10,total antioxidant capacity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: thyroid hormones, “low-t3” syndrome, oxidative stress, coenzyme q10, total antioxidant capacity

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