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      Tendencias de búsqueda de información sobre Emtricitabina/Tenofovir y la profilaxis de pre-exposición para el VIH en España: estudio ecológico Translated title: Search tendencies of information about Emtricitabine/Tenofovir and the pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV in Spain: ecological study

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo . Relacionar las tendencias de búsqueda de información sobre Emtricitabina/Tenofovir y la profilaxis de pre-exposición para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en España. Método . Estudio ecológico de los volúmenes de búsqueda relativo (VBR) obtenidos de la consulta directa a la herramienta «Google Trends», utilizando los Temas de búsqueda «Emtricitabina/Tenofovir» y «Profilaxis de pre-exposición para el VIH», y «Truvada» como Término de Búsqueda. El periodo de búsqueda del 1 enero 2004 al 31 diciembre 2019. Fecha de consulta 23 enero 2020. Resultados . El VBR = 100, máximo, se alcanzó en octubre de 2019 para «Profilaxis de pre-exposición para el VIH», siendo la relación entre los términos de 100/17/15. La asociación entre «Emtricitabina/Tenofovir» y «Truvada» fue muy alta (R = 0,99; p < 0,001). Y las medias de los VBR para «Emtricitabina/Tenofovir» y «Profilaxis de pre-exposición para el VIH» de 12,20 y 27,20 respectivamente. Las tendencias del VBR para «Emtricitabina/Tenofovir» fue levemente creciente con ajuste lineal (R2 = 0,05; p < 0,02), para «Profilaxis de pre-exposición para el VIH» fue moderadamente creciente con ajuste exponencial (R2 = 0,20; p < 0,001). La correlación existente entre los datos del VBR de los dos temas analizados no mostró asociación entre ellos (R = 0,04; p = 0,595). Conclusiones . Se probó un crecimiento, a lo largo del tiempo, en la búsqueda de información tanto sobre los Temas Emtricitabina/Tenofovir como sobre Profilaxis de pre-exposición para el VIH, si bien no se pudo probar la existencia de asociación entre ambos Temas. El aumento de la búsqueda de esta información podría estar relacionado con el aumento del interés por la prevención de las prácticas sexuales de riesgo en relación con el VIH.

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          Abstract Objective . Relate the information serch tendencies about Emtricitabine/Tenofovir and Pre-exposure prophylaxis for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Spain. Methods . Ecological study of the relative search volumen obtained from direct consultation to the tool «Google Trends», using the search topics «Emtricitabine/Tenofovir» and «Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV», and «Truvada» as search term. The search periodo from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2019. Inquiry date January 23, 2020. Results . The VBR = 100, máximum, it was achieved in October 2019 for «Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV», being the relationship between the terms of 100/17/15. The association between «Emtricitabine/Tenofovir» and «Truvada» was very high (R = 0,99; p < 0,001). And the mean of the VBR for «Emtricitabine/Tenofovir» and «Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV» were 12.20 and 27.20 respectively. The VBR tendencies for «Emtricitabine / Tenofovir» was slightly increasing with linear adjustment (R2 = 0.05; p <0.02), for «Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV» it was moderately increasing with exponential adjustment (R2 = 0.20; p <0.001). The correlation between the VBR data of the two topics analyzed didn't show an association between them (R = 0.04; p = 0.595). Conclusions . Growth was found over time in the search of information on both the Emtricitabine/Tenofovir and HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Topics, although the existence of an association between both Topics could not be proved. The increased search for this information could be related to the increased interest in the prevention of risk sexual practices related to HIV.

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          Assessing the Methods, Tools, and Statistical Approaches in Google Trends Research: Systematic Review

          Background In the era of information overload, are big data analytics the answer to access and better manage available knowledge? Over the last decade, the use of Web-based data in public health issues, that is, infodemiology, has been proven useful in assessing various aspects of human behavior. Google Trends is the most popular tool to gather such information, and it has been used in several topics up to this point, with health and medicine being the most focused subject. Web-based behavior is monitored and analyzed in order to examine actual human behavior so as to predict, better assess, and even prevent health-related issues that constantly arise in everyday life. Objective This systematic review aimed at reporting and further presenting and analyzing the methods, tools, and statistical approaches for Google Trends (infodemiology) studies in health-related topics from 2006 to 2016 to provide an overview of the usefulness of said tool and be a point of reference for future research on the subject. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for selecting studies, we searched for the term “Google Trends” in the Scopus and PubMed databases from 2006 to 2016, applying specific criteria for types of publications and topics. A total of 109 published papers were extracted, excluding duplicates and those that did not fall inside the topics of health and medicine or the selected article types. We then further categorized the published papers according to their methodological approach, namely, visualization, seasonality, correlations, forecasting, and modeling. Results All the examined papers comprised, by definition, time series analysis, and all but two included data visualization. A total of 23.1% (24/104) studies used Google Trends data for examining seasonality, while 39.4% (41/104) and 32.7% (34/104) of the studies used correlations and modeling, respectively. Only 8.7% (9/104) of the studies used Google Trends data for predictions and forecasting in health-related topics; therefore, it is evident that a gap exists in forecasting using Google Trends data. Conclusions The monitoring of online queries can provide insight into human behavior, as this field is significantly and continuously growing and will be proven more than valuable in the future for assessing behavioral changes and providing ground for research using data that could not have been accessed otherwise.
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            Is Google Trends a reliable tool for digital epidemiology? Insights from different clinical settings

            Internet-derived information has been recently recognized as a valuable tool for epidemiological investigation. Google Trends, a Google Inc. portal, generates data on geographical and temporal patterns according to specified keywords. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of Google Trends in different clinical settings, for both common diseases with lower media coverage, and for less common diseases attracting major media coverage. We carried out a search in Google Trends using the keywords “renal colic”, “epistaxis”, and “mushroom poisoning”, selected on the basis of available and reliable epidemiological data. Besides this search, we carried out a second search for three clinical conditions (i.e., “meningitis”, “Legionella Pneumophila pneumonia”, and “Ebola fever”), which recently received major focus by the Italian media. In our analysis, no correlation was found between data captured from Google Trends and epidemiology of renal colics, epistaxis and mushroom poisoning. Only when searching for the term “mushroom” alone the Google Trends search generated a seasonal pattern which almost overlaps with the epidemiological profile, but this was probably mostly due to searches for harvesting and cooking rather than to for poisoning. The Google Trends data also failed to reflect the geographical and temporary patterns of disease for meningitis, Legionella Pneumophila pneumonia and Ebola fever. The results of our study confirm that Google Trends has modest reliability for defining the epidemiology of relatively common diseases with minor media coverage, or relatively rare diseases with higher audience. Overall, Google Trends seems to be more influenced by the media clamor than by true epidemiological burden.
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              More Diseases Tracked by Using Google Trends

              To the Editor: The idea that populations provide data on their influenza status through information-seeking behavior on the Web has been explored in the United States in recent years ( 1 , 2 ). Two reports showed that queries to the Internet search engines Yahoo and Google could be informative for influenza surveillance ( 2 , 3 ). Ginsberg et al. scanned the Google database and found that the sum of the results of 45 queries that most correlated with influenza incidences provided the best predictor of influenza trends ( 3 ). On the basis of trends of Google queries, these authors put their results into practice by creating a Web page dedicated to influenza surveillance. However, they did not develop the same approach for other diseases. To date, no studies have been published about the relationship of search engine query data with other diseases or in languages other than English. We compared search trends based on a list of Google queries related to 3 infectious diseases (influenza-like illness, gastroenteritis, and chickenpox) with clinical surveillance data from the French Sentinel Network ( 4 ). Queries were constructed through team brainstorming. Each participant listed queries likely to be used for searching information about these diseases on the Web. The query time series from January 2004 through February 2009 for France were downloaded from Google Insights for Search, 1 of the 2 websites with Google Trends that enables downloading search trends from the Google database ( 5 ). Correlations with weekly incidence rates (no. cases/100,000 inhabitants) of the 3 diseases provided by the Sentinel Network were calculated for different lag periods (Pearson coefficient ρ). The highest correlation with influenza-like illness was obtained with the query grippe –aviaire –vaccin, the French words for influenza, avian, and vaccine respectively (ρ = 0.82, p 1 of the terms. The second highest correlation was obtained when the keyword gastro (ρ = 0.88, p<0.001) (Appendix Figure, panel B) was used. The highest correlation with chickenpox was obtained with the French word for chickenpox (varicelle) (ρ = 0.78, p<0.001) (Appendix Figure, panel C). A time lag of 0 weeks gave the highest correlations between the best queries for influenza-like illness and acute diarrhea and the incidences of these diseases; the peak of the time series of Google queries occurred at the same time as that of the disease incidences. The best query for chickenpox had a 1-week lag, i.e., was 1 week behind the incidence time series. In conclusion, for each of 3 infectious diseases, 1 well-chosen query was sufficient to provide time series of searches highly correlated with incidence. We have shown the utility of an Internet search engine query data for surveillance of acute diarrhea and chickenpox in a non–English-speaking country. Thus, the ability of Internet search-engine query data to predict influenza in the United States presented by Ginsberg et al. ( 3 ) appears to have a broader application for surveillance of other infectious diseases in other countries. Supplementary Material Appendix Figure Time series of search queries plotted along the incidence of 3 diseases (influenza-like illness, gastroenteritis, and chickenpox), 2004-2008. Black lines show trends of search fractions containing the French words for influenza (A), gastroenteritis (B), and chickenpox (C). Red lines show incidence rates for the 3 corresponding diseases (influenza-like illness, acute diarrhea, and chickenpox). Search fractions are scaled between 0 and 100 by Google Insights for Search's internal processes ( 5 ). Incidence rates are expressed in no. cases for 100,000 inhabitants, as provided by the Sentinel Network ( 4 ).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2020
                : 5
                : 9
                : 1023-1039
                Affiliations
                [1] Alicante Valencia orgnameUniversidad Miguel Hernández de Elche orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia orgdiv2Campus de Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
                [4] Madrid orgnameInstituto de Salud Carlos III orgdiv1Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo España
                [2] Alicante Valencia orgnameUniversidad Miguel Hernández de Elche orgdiv1Campus de Sant Joan d'Alacant orgdiv2Departamento de Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia Spain
                [3] Manises orgnameGeneralitat Valenciana orgdiv1Consellería de Sanidad Universal y Salud Pública orgdiv2Centro de Salud Pública España
                Article
                S2529-850X2020000901023 S2529-850X(20)00500901023
                10.19230/jonnpr.3834
                2175aa1a-6358-4200-b9fe-b05f8785dfd3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 July 2020
                : 23 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original

                Social Media,Google Trends,Emtricitabina,Tenofovir,Profilaxis Pre-Exposición,Sexo Inseguro,Gestión de la Información,Alfabetización Informacional,Medios de Comunicación Sociales,Emtricitabine,Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis,Unsafe Sex,Information Management,Information Literacy

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