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      The relationship between retinal nerve fibre layer thickness profiles and CorvisST tonometry measured biomechanical properties in young healthy subjects

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          Abstract

          We previously reported that a shallow circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) peak angle as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) suggests the temporal retina is stretched around the optic disc from the papillo-macular bundle (Yamashita T et al. Investigative Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013). The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between CorvisST tonometry (CST) corneal measurements, axial length (AL) and the change in OCT-measured cpRNFL peak angle, in young healthy subjects. OCT and CST measurements were carried out in 97 eyes of 97 young healthy volunteers. The relationship between cpRNFL peak angle and 12 CST parameters, adjusted for AL, was investigated using linear modelling. The mean ± standard deviation cpRNFL peak angle of the 97 healthy volunteers was 130.6 ± 25.4 (range: 77.8 to 207.0) degrees. The optimal linear model to explain cpRNFL peak angle (chosen from 2 16 different models) included three CST variables related to the speed and size of energy absorption (namely, A1 time, A1 length and A2 time), in addition to AL. In eyes with longer AL and shorter energy absorption in CST measurement, temporal retina is stretched around the optic disc from the papillo-macular bundle, as suggested by a shallow cpRNFL peak angle.

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          Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States.

          Nathan Congdon, Benita J O'Colmain, Caroline C. W. Klaver … (2004)
          To estimate the cause-specific prevalence and distribution of blindness and low vision in the United States by age, race/ethnicity, and gender, and to estimate the change in these prevalence figures over the next 20 years. Summary prevalence estimates of blindness (both according to the US definition of < or =6/60 [< or =20/200] best-corrected visual acuity in the better-seeing eye and the World Health Organization standard of < 6/120 [< 20/400]) and low vision (< 6/12 [< 20/40] best-corrected vision in the better-seeing eye) were prepared separately for black, Hispanic, and white persons in 5-year age intervals starting at 40 years. The estimated prevalences were based on recent population-based studies in the United States, Australia, and Europe. These estimates were applied to 2000 US Census data, and to projected US population figures for 2020, to estimate the number of Americans with visual impairment. Cause-specific prevalences of blindness and low vision were also estimated for the different racial/ethnic groups. Based on demographics from the 2000 US Census, an estimated 937 000 (0.78%) Americans older than 40 years were blind (US definition). An additional 2.4 million Americans (1.98%) had low vision. The leading cause of blindness among white persons was age-related macular degeneration (54.4% of the cases), while among black persons, cataract and glaucoma accounted for more than 60% of blindness. Cataract was the leading cause of low vision, responsible for approximately 50% of bilateral vision worse than 6/12 (20/40) among white, black, and Hispanic persons. The number of blind persons in the US is projected to increase by 70% to 1.6 million by 2020, with a similar rise projected for low vision. Blindness or low vision affects approximately 1 in 28 Americans older than 40 years. The specific causes of visual impairment, and especially blindness, vary greatly by race/ethnicity. The prevalence of visual disabilities will increase markedly during the next 20 years, owing largely to the aging of the US population.
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            Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore.

            T. Y. Wong, P Foster, J Hee … (2000)
            To determine the epidemiology of refractive errors in an adult Chinese population in Singapore. A disproportionate, stratified, clustered, random-sampling procedure was used to select names of 2000 Chinese people aged 40 to 79 years from the 1996 Singapore electoral register in the Tanjong Pagar district in Singapore. These people were invited to a centralized clinic for a comprehensive eye examination, including refraction. Refraction was also performed on nonrespondents in their homes. Myopia, high myopia, and hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) in the right eye of less than -0.5 D, less than -5.0 D, and more than +0.5 D, respectively. Astigmatism was defined as less than -0.5 D of cylinder. Anisometropia was defined as a difference in SE of more than 1.0 D between the two eyes. Only phakic eyes were analyzed. From 1717 eligible people, 1232 (71.8%) were examined. Adjusted to the 1997 Singapore population, the overall prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia was 38.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.5, 42.1), 28.4% (95% CI: 25.3, 31.3), 37.8% (95% CI: 34.6, 41.1), and 15.9% (95% CI: 13.5, 18.4), respectively. The prevalence of high myopia was 9.1% (95% CI: 7.2, 11.2), with women having significantly higher rates than men. The age pattern of myopia was bimodal, with higher prevalence in the 40 to 49 and 70 to 81 age groups and lower prevalence between those age ranges. Prevalence was reversed in hyperopia, with a higher prevalence in subjects aged 50 to 69. There was a monotonic increase in prevalence with age for both astigmatism and anisometropia. Increasing educational levels, higher individual income, professional or office-related occupations, better housing, and greater severity of nuclear opacity were all significantly associated with higher rates of myopia, after adjustment for age and sex. The results indicate that whereas myopia is 1.5 to 2.5 times more prevalent in adult Chinese residing in Singapore than in similarly aged European-derived populations in the United States and Australia, the sociodemographic associations are similar.
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              Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma in a Japanese population: the Tajimi Study.

              Yasuyuki Suzuki, Aiko Iwase, Makoto Araie … (2006)
              To identify the risk factors associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the Tajimi Study. Population-based cross-sectional epidemiologic study. One hundred nineteen POAG patients and 2755 controls. Univariate and multivariate comparison of ocular factors and systemic factors between POAG patients and controls. Difference in factors between POAG patients and controls, factors associated with POAG patients, and their odds ratio (OR). Intraocular pressure (IOP), age, myopia, and history of hypertension differed between POAG patients and controls in univariate analyses. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression with stepwise selection of variables demonstrated that higher IOP (OR, 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.21]), myopia (ORs, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.03-3.31] for low myopia and 2.60 [95% CI, 1.56-4.35] for moderate to high myopia), and older age (OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.04-1.08]) were associated with an increased risk of having POAG. Although the majority (92%) of POAG patients diagnosed in the Tajimi Study had IOP within the normal range, IOP was still identified as a significant risk factor for POAG. Together with IOP, myopia and age were significant risk factors for having POAG.
              Article 0 comments Cited 130 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ryo Asaoka: rasaoka-tky@umin.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 March 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 414
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2151 536X, GRID grid.26999.3d, Department of Ophthalmology, , The University of Tokyo, ; Tokyo, Japan
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital, 68-1, Waku, Aboshi-ku, Himeji, Hyogo 671-1227 Japan
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8711 3200, GRID grid.257022.0, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, , Hiroshima University, ; 1-3-2 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511 Japan
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1167 1801, GRID grid.258333.c, , Department of Ophthalmology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, ; Kagoshima, Japan
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9206 2938, GRID grid.410786.c, Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, , Kitasato University, ; 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7801-2317
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-0738
                Article
                Publisher ID: 345
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00345-y
                PMC ID: 5428286
                PubMed ID: 28341831
                SO-VID: 218b2a0e-0340-48e8-982e-9cf89cec2999
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 5 October 2016
                Date accepted : 22 February 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

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