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      High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adults: Consequences for Primary Caregivers Compared to Schizophrenia and Depression

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          Abstract

          Primary caregivers experience consequences from being in close contact to a person with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study used the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire to explore the level of consequences of 104 caregivers involved with adults with High Functioning ASD (HF-ASD) and compared these with the consequences reported by caregivers of patients suffering from depression and schizophrenia. Caregivers involved with adults with an HF-ASD experience overall consequences comparable to those involved with patients with depression or schizophrenia. Worrying was the most reported consequence. More tension was experienced by the caregivers of ASD patients, especially by spouses. More care and attention for spouses of adults with an HF-ASD appears to be needed.

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          The Genetics of Autism

          R U Mühle, S Trentacoste, I Rapin (2004)
          Article 0 comments Cited 152 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)--adolescent version.

            Simon Baron-Cohen, Rosa Hoekstra, Rebecca Christine Knickmeyer … (2006)
            The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) quantifies autistic traits in adults. This paper adapted the AQ for children (age 9.8-15.4 years). Three groups of participants were assessed: Group 1: n=52 adolescents with Asperger Syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: n=79 adolescents with classic autism; and Group 3, n=50 controls. The adolescents with AS/HFA did not differ significantly from the adolescents with autism but both clinical groups scored higher than controls. Approximately 90% of the adolescents with AS/HFA and autism scored 30+, vs. none of the controls. Among the controls, boys scored higher than girls. The AQ can rapidly quantify where an adolescent is situated on the continuum from autism to normality.
            Article 0 comments Cited 138 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The health of caregivers for children with disabilities: caregiver perspectives.

              N. Murphy, B. Christian, D Caplin … (2007)
              There are an estimated 5.9 million children with severe disabilities in the USA, and most of them are cared for at home by their parents and families. Indirect evidence suggests that poor caregiver health may contribute to recurrent hospitalizations and out-of-home placements for children with chronic conditions and disabilities. Greater knowledge of caregiver health-related needs would allow for the improvement of existing services and the development of new strategies to sustain caregivers in their vital roles. This study explores caregiver perspectives of the health implications of long-term informal caregiving for children with disabilities. Forty parents/caregivers of children with disabilities residing in urban, suburban and rural regions of Utah completed questionnaires and participated in focus groups that explored their feelings regarding their current physical and emotional health and the factors that they viewed as either impairing or promoting their health. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed. Summary statistics were generated for the questionnaire responses. Focus group content was analysed according to emerging themes and patterns in clusters of information. The caregiving experience was captured by five themes: (i) stress of caregiving; (ii) negative impact on caregiver health; (iii) sharing the burden; (iv) worry about the future; and (v) caregiver coping strategies. Forty-one per cent of the caregivers reported that their health had worsened over the past year, and attributed these changes to a lack of time, a lack of control and decreased psychosocial energy. Caregivers of children with disabilities describe negative physical, emotional and functional health consequences of long-term, informal caregiving. They have important insights regarding those aspects of caregiving that have positive and negative influences on their health. Interventions that address these issues may have the potential to positively impact caregiver health.
              Article 0 comments Cited 105 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Inge A. C. Grootscholten:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3541-1497
                +31634191201 , Inge.Grootscholten@max-ernst.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Autism Dev Disord
                Title: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0162-3257
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 January 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 8 January 2018
                Publication date (Print): 2018
                Volume: 48
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1920-1931
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9382, GRID grid.10417.33, Department of Psychiatry, , Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, ; Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0835 8259, GRID grid.416017.5, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, ; Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [3 ]Arnhem, The Netherlands
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3541-1497
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3445
                DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3445-1
                PMC ID: 5948267
                PubMed ID: 29313177
                SO-VID: 21b2fedf-92bf-480a-a11f-b2f3d04ff6dc
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: autism spectrum disorders,high functioning,caregiver consequences,parents,spouses
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: autism spectrum disorders, high functioning, caregiver consequences, parents, spouses

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