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      Knowledge, attitudes and practices of grandmothers related to breastfeeding: a meta-synthesis Translated title: Conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas das avós relacionados ao aleitamento materno: uma metassíntese Translated title: Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de las abuelas en torno a la lactancia materna: una metasíntesis

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          Evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of grandmothers that support or discourage the breastfeeding process.

          Method:

          This is a meta-synthesis based on the theoretical and methodological framework of meta-ethnography developed by Noblit and Hare. A critical evaluation of the articles was conducted using the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (Coreq). Primary and secondary constructs derived from the results of nine articles were grouped into a new theory, leading to tertiary constructs that were presented in a diagram based on the functionality of Sanicola’s Social Network Theory.

          Results:

          Grandmothers know the benefits of breastfeeding, the importance of a special diet and proper hydration for the production of good quality milk, but report inadequacies in the treatment of breast complications and the need for breast milk complementation before the sixth month of life. These aspects were also observed: religious interference, opposition of ideas about breastfeeding, and family decisions based on the grandmother figure.

          Conclusion:

          Through knowledge, attitudes and practices, grandmothers, central figures in breastfeeding support, support their daughters and daughters-in-law in breastfeeding or discourage breastfeeding with contrary opinions and inadequate guidance.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          avaliar os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas das avós relacionados ao suporte ou à contenção no processo de aleitamento materno.

          Método:

          metassíntese alicerçada no Referencial Teórico e Metodológico da Metaetnografia de Noblit e Hare. Na avaliação crítica dos artigos utilizou-se o Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (Coreq). Os construtos primários e secundários, oriundos dos resultados dos nove artigos, foram agrupados em nova teoria, originando os construtos terciários que foram apresentados num diagrama construído com base na funcionalidade da Teoria de Rede de Sanicola.

          Resultados:

          as avós conhecem os benefícios da amamentação, a importância de uma dieta especial e hidratação adequada para produção de leite de boa qualidade, mas relatam inadequações no tratamento de intercorrências mamárias e necessidade de complementação do leite materno antes do sexto mês de vida. Houve interferência religiosa, oposição de ideias sobre amamentação e a centralidade das decisões familiares na figura das avós.

          Conclusão:

          as avós, figuras centrais no apoio à amamentação, através de conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas, oferecem suporte às suas filhas e noras para amamentarem ou promovem a contenção ao aleitamento materno com opiniões contrárias e orientações inadequadas.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          evaluar los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de las abuelas en torno al soporte o la contención al proceso de lactancia materna.

          Método:

          metasíntesis basada en el marco teórico y metodológico de la metaetnografía de Noblit y Hare. En la evaluación crítica de los artículos, se utilizó el Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (Coreq). Los constructos primarios y secundarios, provenientes de los resultados de nueve artículos, se agruparon en una nueva teoría, dando lugar a constructos terciarios que se presentaron en un diagrama elaborado con base en la funcionalidad de la Teoría de Red de Sanicola.

          Resultados:

          las abuelas conocen los beneficios de la lactancia, la importancia de una dieta especial e hidratación adecuada para la producción de leche de buena calidad, pero han presentado inadecuaciones acerca del tratamiento de las complicaciones mamarias y de la necesidad de complementación a la leche materna antes del sexto mes de vida. Hubo interferencia religiosa, contraste de ideas sobre lactancia materna y la centralidad de las decisiones familiares en la figura de las abuelas.

          Conclusión:

          las abuelas, figuras centrales en el apoyo a la lactancia materna por medio de los conocimientos, las actitudes y prácticas, brindan el soporte a la lactancia de sus hijas y nueras en torno a la lactancia o promueven la contención de la lactancia materna con opiniones contrarias y orientaciones inadecuadas.

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          Most cited references33

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          "We grandmothers know plenty": breastfeeding, complementary feeding and the multifaceted role of grandmothers in Malawi.

          This paper has two purposes: first of all, we examine grandmothers' role and views of child feeding practices in northern Malawi, and their influence on younger women's practices. Secondly, we consider the implications of these findings for health promotion activities and models of health education. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, focus groups and a participatory workshop. Findings demonstrate that, to address child feeding practices which have an effect on nutrition, attention must be paid to the broader context that influences child nutrition, including extended family relations. Paternal grandmothers have a powerful and multifaceted role within the extended family in northern Malawi, both in terms of childcare and in other arenas such as agricultural practices and marital relations. Grandmothers often differ in their ideas about early child feeding from conventional Western medicine. Some practices have existed in the area at least since colonial times, and have strong cultural significance. Despite the important integrated role, older women have within households and communities in this part of Malawi, hospital personnel often have disparaging and paternalistic attitudes towards 'grannies' and their knowledge. Health education rarely involves grandmothers, and even if they are involved, their perspectives are not taken into consideration. Hospital staff often reject grandmother knowledge as part of a broader modernization paradigm which views 'traditional knowledge' as backward. Grandmothers view current child health conditions within a broader context of changing livelihood conditions and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The paper concludes by discussing the challenges of involving grandmothers in health education, and the difficulties of incorporating local knowledge into a medical system that largely rejects it.
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            • Article: not found

            Grandmother breastfeeding support: what do mothers need and want?

            Grandmothers are an important source of support for new mothers. Their infant feeding experience and knowledge can influence mothers' decisions to initiate and continue breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to explore mothers' perceptions of grandmothers' breastfeeding knowledge and support, as part of a larger study to design an intervention that facilitates the development of grandmothers' support of breastfeeding. Thirty mothers participated in one of four focus groups held in a North Texas metropolitan area. We analyzed the text of each focus group interview using the content analysis method and identified five themes within and across groups that described mothers' perceptions of grandmother breastfeeding support. The essence of what mothers needed and wanted from grandmothers could be summarized as grandmother breastfeeding advocacy, which is defined by the two themes, "valuing breastfeeding" and "loving encouragement." Three other themes, "acknowledging barriers,"confronting myths," and "current breastfeeding knowledge," reflected mothers' perceptions of what grandmothers need to become their advocates, particularly if they did not breastfeed their own children. Breastfeeding occurs within the context of an extended family in which grandmothers bring their own infant feeding practices and beliefs to their support of new mothers. Mothers need and want grandmothers' support, but their advice and concerns may reflect cultural beliefs that do not protect breastfeeding. Including grandmothers in conversations about breastfeeding practices can be one way for health caregivers to enhance grandmothers' knowledge and support of breastfeeding.
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              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Association of family and health care provider opinion on infant feeding with mother's breastfeeding decision.

              In the United States, about 25% of women choose not to initiate breastfeeding, yet little is known about how opinions of individuals in a woman's support network influence her decision to breastfeed. In the 2005-2007 Infant Feeding Practices Study II, women completed questionnaires from the last trimester of pregnancy until 12 months postpartum. Mothers indicated prenatally their family members' and health care providers' opinion on how newborns should be fed: breastfed only, formula fed only, breast and formula fed, or no opinion/don't know. Breastfeeding initiation was determined by asking mothers around 4 weeks postpartum (n=2,041) whether they ever breastfed. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between mothers' perception of family members' and health care providers' opinion on how to feed the infant and the initiation of breastfeeding, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Nearly 14% of mothers surveyed did not initiate breastfeeding. Mothers who believed their family members or health care providers preferred breastfeeding only were least likely not to initiate breastfeeding. Never breastfeeding was significantly associated with the following perceptions: the infant's father (odds ratio [OR]=110.4; 95% CI 52.0 to 234.4) or maternal grandmother (OR=15.9; 95% CI 7.0 to 36.0) preferred only formula feeding; the infant's father (OR=3.2; 95% CI 1.7 to 5.9) or doctor (OR=2.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 6.2) preferred both breast and formula feeding; and the infant's father (OR=7.6; 95% CI 4.5 to 12.7), maternal grandmother (OR=5.4; 95% CI 2.6 to 11.0), or doctor (OR=1.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.7) had no opinion/didn't know their feeding preference. The prenatal opinions of family members and health care providers play an important role in a woman's breastfeeding decisions after the infant's birth.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                14 February 2020
                2020
                : 28
                : e3214
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
                [2 ]Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Hospital das Clínicas, Núcleo Interno de Regulação, Recife, PE, Brasil.
                [3 ]Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Enfermagem, Recife, PE, Brasil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Luciana Pedrosa Leal. E-mail: lucianapleal@ 123456hotmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-9716
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4707-6873
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7200-8381
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3776-0997
                Article
                00600
                10.1590/1518-8345.3097.3214
                7021479
                32074204
                21c1808e-3176-49a5-a44d-76fac1a5f2af
                Copyright © 2020 Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 September 2018
                : 04 August 2019
                Categories
                Review Article

                health knowledge,attitudes, practice,grandparents,breast feeding,qualitative research,nursing,health education,conhecimentos,atitudes e prática em saúde,avós,aleitamento materno,pesquisa qualitativa,enfermagem,educação em saúde,conocimientos,actitudes y práctica en salud,abuelos,lactancia materna,investigación cualitativa,enfermeira,educación em salud

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