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      IMPACTO DEL CONTACTO HISPANO-INDIGENA EN LA SALUD DE LA POBLACIÓN DE CHILOE: UN CASO DE TUBERCULOSIS EN EL CEMENTERIO PUQUELDÓN 1 Translated title: IMPACT OF HISPANIC-INDIGENOUS CONTACT ON HEALTH OF CHILOE POPULATION: A TUBERCULOSIS CASE ON PUQUELDÓN 1 CEMETERY

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          Abstract

          Se presentan los resultados del análisis paleopatológico de los restos óseos recuperados durante excavaciones arqueológicas en el sitio Puqueldón 1 (isla Lemuy, región de Los Lagos). Las osamentas fueron halladas en una fosa de entierros múltiples que fue excavada en el conchai localizado en esa zona. Los restos corresponden a un número mínimo de 22 individuos, de los cuales cuatro son adultos, dos son jóvenes de 18 a 20 años, cinco son niños de 10 a 12 años, y al menos siete son lactantes. Evidencias arqueológicas y bioantropológicas son consistentes con una población indígena posthispánica, con un modo de producción que combina actividades hortícolas y recolección de recursos marinos. La causa de muerte de los individuos puede estar relacionada a ciertos indicadores óseos que sugieren la presencia de tuberculosis entre la población examinada.

          Translated abstract

          The results from paleopathological analysis on human remains excavated from Puqueldón 1 site (Lemuy Island, Los Lagos Región) are herein presented. The bones were discovered in a múltiple burial dig, excavated on the shell mound located at this área. The human remains belong to a minimal number of 22 individuáis, from which four are adults ones, two are young of 18 to 20 years oíd, five are children of 10 to 12 years oíd, and seven are unweaned babies. Archaeological and bioanthropological evidence are consistent with a posthispanic, indigenous population and a subsistence pattern that merges horti-culture and marine resources gathering. The cause of death of the individuáis may be related to certain bone indicators that suggest the presence of tuberculosis between the examined population.

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          Most cited references24

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          The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic.

          The increasing global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is linked to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We reviewed data from notifications of TB cases, cohort treatment outcomes, surveys of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and HIV prevalence in patients with TB and other subgroups. Information was collated from published literature and databases held by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (UNAIDS), the US Census Bureau, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There were an estimated 8.3 million (5th-95th centiles, 7.3-9.2 million) new TB cases in 2000 (137/100,000 population; range, 121/100,000-151/100,000). Tuberculosis incidence rates were highest in the WHO African Region (290/100,000 per year; range, 265/100,000-331/100,000), as was the annual rate of increase in the number of cases (6%). Nine percent (7%-12%) of all new TB cases in adults (aged 15-49 years) were attributable to HIV infection, but the proportion was much greater in the WHO African Region (31%) and some industrialized countries, notably the United States (26%). There were an estimated 1.8 million (5th-95th centiles, 1.6-2.2 million) deaths from TB, of which 12% (226 000) were attributable to HIV. Tuberculosis was the cause of 11% of all adult AIDS deaths. The prevalence of M tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in adults was 0.36% (11 million people). Coinfection prevalence rates equaled or exceeded 5% in 8 African countries. In South Africa alone there were 2 million coinfected adults. The HIV pandemic presents a massive challenge to global TB control. The prevention of HIV and TB, the extension of WHO DOTS programs, and a focused effort to control HIV-related TB in areas of high HIV prevalence are matters of great urgency.
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            Spinal tuberculosis in adults. A study of 103 cases in a developed country, 1980-1994.

            Spinal tuberculosis (TB) accounts for about 2% of all cases of TB. New methods of diagnosis such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or percutaneous needle biopsy have emerged. Two distinct patterns of spinal TB can be identified, the classic form, called spondylodiscitis (SPD) in this article, and an increasingly common atypical form characterized by spondylitis without disk involvement (SPwD). We conducted a retrospective study of patients with spinal TB managed in the area of Paris, France, between 1980 and 1994 with the goal of defining the characteristics of spinal TB and comparing SPD to SPwD. The 103 consecutive patients included in our study had TB confirmed by bacteriologic and/or histologic studies of specimens from spinal or paraspinal lesions (93 patients) or from extraspinal skeletal lesions (10 patients). Sixty-eight percent of patients were foreign-born subjects from developing countries. None of our patients was HIV-positive. SPD accounted for 48% of cases and SPwD for 52%. Patients with SPwD were younger and more likely to be foreign-born and to have multiple skeletal TB lesions. Neurologic manifestations were observed in 50% of patients, with no differences between the SPD and SPwD groups. Of the 44 patients investigated by MRI, 6 had normal plain radiographs; MRI was consistently positive and demonstrated epidural involvement in 77% of cases. Bacteriologic and histologic yields were similar for surgical biopsy (n = 16) and for percutaneous needle aspiration and/or biopsy (n = 77). Cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were positive in 83% of patients, and no strains were resistant to rifampin. Median duration of antituberculous chemotherapy was 14 months. Surgical treatment was performed in 24% of patients. There were 2 TB-related deaths. Our data suggest that SPwD may now be the most common pattern of spinal TB in foreign-born subjects in industrialized countries. The reasons for this remain to be elucidated.
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              Widespread occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA from 18th-19th century Hungarians.

              A large number (265) of burials from 1731-1838 were discovered in sealed crypts of the Dominican Church, Vác, Hungary in 1994. Many bodies were naturally mummified, so that both soft tissues and bones were available. Contemporary archives enabled the determination of age at death, and the identification of family groups. In some cases, symptoms before death were described and, occasionally, occupation. Initial radiological examination of a small number of individuals had indicated calcified lung lesions and demonstrable acid-fast bacteria suggestive of tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis was endemic in 18th-19th century Europe, so human remains should contain detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) DNA, enabling comparisons with modern isolates. Therefore, a comprehensive examination of 168 individuals for the presence of MTB DNA was undertaken. Specific DNA amplification methods for MTB showed that 55% of individuals were positive and that the incidence varied according to age at death and sampling site in the body. Radiographs were obtained from 27 individuals and revealed an association between gross pathology and the presence of MTB DNA. There was an inverse relationship between PCR positivity and MTB target sequence size. In some cases, the preservation of MTB DNA was excellent, and several target gene sequences could be detected from the same sample. This information, combined with MTB DNA sequencing data and molecular typing techniques, will enable us to study the past epidemiology of TB infection, and extends the timeframe for studying changes in molecular fingerprints. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                magallania
                Magallania (Punta Arenas)
                Magallania
                Universidad de Magallanes. Instituto de la Patagonia. Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral (Punta Arenas, , Chile )
                0718-2244
                November 2008
                : 36
                : 2
                : 167-174
                Article
                S0718-22442008000200012 S0718-2244(08)03600200012
                10.4067/S0718-22442008000200012
                21d8d535-8ec0-4015-8d92-500db6d8efae

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 July 2008
                : 09 October 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                INFORMES Y NOTAS

                contacto hispánico,bioantropología,paleopatología,tuberculosis,Chiloé,hispanic contact,bioanthropology,paleopathology

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