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      Genomic Analysis Highlights the Role of the JAK-STAT Signaling in the Anti-proliferative Effects of Dietary Flavonoid—‘Ashwagandha’ in Prostate Cancer Cells

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          Abstract

          Phytochemicals are dietary phytoestrogens that may play a role in prostate cancer prevention. Forty percent of Americans use complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) for disease prevention and therapy. Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) contains flavonoids and active ingredients like alkaloids and steroidal lactones which are called ‘Withanolides’. We hypothesize that the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of Ashwagandha might contribute to its overall effectiveness as an anti-carcinogenic agent. The goal of our study was gain insight into the general biological and molecular functions and immunomodulatory processes that are altered as a result of Ashwagandha treatment in prostate cancer cells, and to identify the key signaling mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of these physiological effects using genomic microarray analysis in conjunction with quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Ashwagandha treatment significantly downregulated the gene and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, chemokine IL-8, Hsp70 and STAT-2, while a reciprocal upregulation was observed in gene and protein expression of p38 MAPK, PI3K, caspase 6, Cyclin D and c-myc. Furthermore, Ashwagandha treatment significantly modulated the JAK-STAT pathway which regulates both the apoptosis process as well as the MAP kinase signaling. These studies outline several functionally important classes of genes, which are associated with immune response, signal transduction, cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation and provide insight into the molecular signaling mechanisms that are modulated by Ashwagandha, thereby highlighting the use of this bioflavanoid as effective chemopreventive agent relevant to prostate cancer progression.

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          Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.

          A new method of total RNA isolation by a single extraction with an acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform mixture is described. The method provides a pure preparation of undegraded RNA in high yield and can be completed within 4 h. It is particularly useful for processing large numbers of samples and for isolation of RNA from minute quantities of cells or tissue samples.
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            In silico prediction of protein-protein interactions in human macrophages

            Background: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses are highly valuable in deciphering and understanding the intricate organisation of cellular functions. Nevertheless, the majority of available protein-protein interaction networks are context-less, i.e. without any reference to the spatial, temporal or physiological conditions in which the interactions may occur. In this work, we are proposing a protocol to infer the most likely protein-protein interaction (PPI) network in human macrophages. Results: We integrated the PPI dataset from the Agile Protein Interaction DataAnalyzer (APID) with different meta-data to infer a contextualized macrophage-specific interactome using a combination of statistical methods. The obtained interactome is enriched in experimentally verified interactions and in proteins involved in macrophage-related biological processes (i.e. immune response activation, regulation of apoptosis). As a case study, we used the contextualized interactome to highlight the cellular processes induced upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Conclusion: Our work confirms that contextualizing interactomes improves the biological significance of bioinformatic analyses. More specifically, studying such inferred network rather than focusing at the gene expression level only, is informative on the processes involved in the host response. Indeed, important immune features such as apoptosis are solely highlighted when the spotlight is on the protein interaction level.
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              G1 phase progression: cycling on cue.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                ecam
                ecam
                Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Oxford University Press
                1741-427X
                1741-4288
                June 2010
                10 January 2008
                10 January 2008
                : 7
                : 2
                : 177-187
                Affiliations
                1Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health System and 2Center for Computational Research, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), New York State Center of Excellence, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
                Author notes
                For reprints and all correspondence: Stanley A. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology, Chief, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology State Universtiy of New York at Buffalo, Interim Chief, Department of Medicine, Kaleida Health – Buffalo General Hospital 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. Tel: +716-859-2985; Fax: +716-859-2999; E-mail: sasimmun@ 123456buffalo.edu
                Article
                nem184
                10.1093/ecam/nem184
                2862933
                18955307
                2221eed7-04a7-48e6-81cc-66fd37d30d3f
                © 2008 The Author(s).

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 September 2007
                : 17 December 2007
                Categories
                Original Articles - Basic Science

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                ashwagandha,microarrays,prostate cancer,bioflavonoids,immunomodulation,genomics,signal transduction

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