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      Rapid characterization of ginsenosides in the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng by UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS and simultaneous determination of 19 ginsenosides by HPLC-ESI-MS

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          Abstract

          Background

          Ginsenosides are the characteristic and principal components which manifest a variety of the biological and pharmacological activities of the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng (GRR). This study was carried out to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the ginsenosides in the cultivated and forest GRR.

          Methods

          A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole/time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied to the qualitative analysis of ginsenosides and a 4000 QTRAP triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS) was applied to quantitative analysis of 19 ginsenosides.

          Results

          In the qualitative analysis, all ingredients were separated in 10 min. A total of 131 ginsenosides were detected in cultivated and forest GRR. The method for the quantitative determination was validated for linearity, precision, and limits of detection and quantification. 19 representative ginsenosides were quantitated. The total content of all 19 ginsenosides in the forest GRR were much higher than those in the cultivated GRR, and were increased with the growing ages.

          Conclusion

          This newly developed analysis method could be applied to the quality assessment of GRR as well as the distinction between cultivated and forest GRR.

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          Most cited references23

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          Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions.

          A S Attele, J. Wu, C. S. Yuan (1999)
          Ginseng is a highly valued herb in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decade. There is extensive literature on the beneficial effects of ginseng and its constituents. The major active components of ginseng are ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroidal saponins, which demonstrate the ability to target a myriad of tissues, producing an array of pharmacological responses. However, many mechanisms of ginsenoside activity still remain unknown. Since ginsenosides and other constituents of ginseng produce effects that are different from one another, and a single ginsenoside initiates multiple actions in the same tissue, the overall pharmacology of ginseng is complex. The ability of ginsenosides to independently target multireceptor systems at the plasma membrane, as well as to activate intracellular steroid receptors, may explain some pharmacological effects. This commentary aims to review selected effects of ginseng and ginsenosides and describe their possible modes of action. Structural variability of ginsenosides, structural and functional relationship to steroids, and potential targets of action are discussed.
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            Steaming-induced chemical transformations and holistic quality assessment of red ginseng derived from Panax ginseng by means of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(n)-based multicomponent quantification fingerprint.

            Dan Luo, Jin Ma, Yuan-Yun Xie … (2012)
            The purpose of this study is to evaluate the steaming-induced chemical transformation of red ginseng manufactured from fresh ginseng by means of simultaneous quantitative and qualitative analyses with a combinative high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(n)) technique. Thirty-six ginsenosides were identified in red ginseng and white ginseng by comparing the mass spectrum and/or matching the empirical molecular formula with that of known published compounds, and 11 of them were determined to be newly generated during the red ginseng preparatory process. The mechanisms involved were further deduced to be hydrolysis, dehydration, isomerization, and decarboxylation at C-20, and hydrolysis also occurs at C-3 or C-6 of the original ginsenosides through the mimic process of steaming and heating in laboratory. The multicomponent quantification fingerprint of ginseng was also established by HPLC-UV method, and the contents of 12 ginsenosides in red and white ginsengs from different sources were determined simultaneously. The ratio of the total content of determined malonyl ginsenosides to the corresponding neutral ginsenosides (T(m-PPD)/T(PPD)) in white ginseng ranged from 0.46 to 0.62 and from 0 to 0.19 in red ginseng. The validated method is expected to provide an effective approach to standardize the processing procedures of ginseng products and regulate the usage of ginseng in Traditional Chinese Medical prescription.
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              Liquid chromatographic determination of less polar ginsenosides in processed ginseng.

              Sung Won Kwon, Sang Han, Il Park … (2001)
              Reversed-phase LC with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) is used for the determination of less polar ginsenosides in processed ginseng. These ginsenosides include ginsenosides F4, Rg3, Rg5, Rg6, Rk1, Rk3, Rs3, Rs4, and Rs5. The method used a C18-bonded silica column with a CH3CN/H2O/CH3COOH gradient elution. (20R) and (20S) epimers and geometric isomers at the C-20 position of ginsenosides, which are not generally separated by amino columns, were now clearly separated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiu-Wei Yang
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Ginseng Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Ginseng Res
                Title: Journal of Ginseng Research
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1226-8453
                ISSN (Electronic): 2093-4947
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 December 2015
                Publication date (Print): October 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 December 2015
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 382-394
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
                [3 ]Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. xwyang@ 123456bjmu.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1226-8453(15)00125-6
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.001
                PMC ID: 5052439
                PubMed ID: 27746691
                SO-VID: 22444922-92c0-40dd-a60c-1a5830532b76
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016, The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 10 August 2015
                Date revision received : 28 November 2015
                Date accepted : 1 December 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: cultivated ginseng,forest ginseng,hplc-esi-ms,panax ginseng,uplc-dad-qtof-ms/ms
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cultivated ginseng, forest ginseng, hplc-esi-ms, panax ginseng, uplc-dad-qtof-ms/ms

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