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      Unraveling the polychromy and antiquity of the Pachacamac Idol, Pacific coast, Peru

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          Abstract

          Pachacamac is the name of the 15th-16th century Inca sanctuary on the Peruvian coast as well as the name of one of the principal oracles of Inca divinities. This effigy would have been destroyed by Pizarro in 1533 during his visit to the great monumental complex, and as such the originality and antiquity of the wooden statue—the so-called Pachacamac Idol—have been the subject of much controversy and debate. We present here previously unpublished dates that confirm its manufacture during the Middle Horizon (AD 500–1000), as well as evidence of its original polychromy. Traces of colors were observed on its different sections with portable microscopy and analyses with two different X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry techniques, leading to identification of yellow, white, and red mineral pigments, including the presence of cinnabar. Dated between the 8th and 9th centuries, the statue would have been worshipped for almost 700 years, from the time of its creation to the time of the Spanish conquest, when Pachacamac was a major place of pilgrimage. These data not only offer a new perspective on Pachacamac’s emblematic sacred icon, but also on the colorful practices of the Pre-Hispanic Andes.

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          A multiplatform code for the analysis of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectra

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            IAWA List of of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification

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              Andean Value Systems and the Development of Prehistoric Metallurgy

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                15 January 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 1
                : e0226244
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Tarapacá, Instituto de Alta Investigación, Arica, Chile
                [2 ] Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), CNRS UMR, Paris, France
                [3 ] Archéologie des Amériques (ArchAm), CNRS- Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne UMR, Paris, France
                [4 ] Museo de sitio Pachacamac, Lurín, Lima, Perú
                [5 ] Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
                [6 ] Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
                [7 ] Département du Patrimoine et des Collections, Musée du Quai Branly Jacques Chirac, Paris, France
                [8 ] SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, United States of America
                Universita degli Studi di Milano, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8443-0136
                Article
                PONE-D-19-17520
                10.1371/journal.pone.0226244
                6961831
                31940369
                224aeeea-43a8-4be4-a2a4-b241f9ecc683
                © 2020 Sepúlveda et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 June 2019
                : 22 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665, Agence Nationale de la Recherche;
                Award ID: ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003990, Conseil Régional, Île-de-France;
                Award ID: DIM Analytics, project IMAPAT
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104, National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
                Award ID: NASA Picasso
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665, Agence Nationale de la Recherche;
                Award ID: Program INCA and ARCIC- Programme OPUS Sorbonne Universités
                Award Recipient :
                This work was support by the National Research Agency under the program Future Investments bearing the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 (programs INCA and ARCIC of Sorbonne Universités)(MS,PW). We thank the financial support from the Ile-de-France region (DIM Analytics, project IMAPAT) for the building of new instruments for a mobile laboratory for art studies (PW), and the NASA PICASSO program for funding the MapX instrument development (PS,PW). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Pigments
                Engineering and Technology
                Structural Engineering
                Built Structures
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Spectrum Analysis Techniques
                Spectrophotometry
                Fluorophotometry
                Fluorescence Spectrometry
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Coating Materials
                Paints
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Electromagnetic Radiation
                Luminescence
                Fluorescence
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Wood
                Social Sciences
                Anthropology
                Cultural Anthropology
                Religion
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Religion
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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