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      ANUROS DEL NORTE DE LOS ANDES: PATRONES DE RIQUEZA DE ESPECIES Y ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El conocimiento de los anuros andinos está en constante aumento, razón por la cual se necesita una actualización. Revisamos la literatura y museos registros científicos con el fin de determinar la riqueza de especies de anuros del norte de los Andes con base en las categorías de la UICN. El norte de los Andes alberga 740 especies de anuros, pertenecientes a 13 familias y 63 géneros. La familia con el mayor número de especies fue craugastoridae (334 spp.), seguida por Bufonidae (92 spp.) y Centrolenidae (81 spp.). La Cordillera Central de Colombia alberga la mayor riqueza de especies (202 spp.), mientras que la Cordillera de la Costa Oriental de Venezuela contiene el número más bajo de especies (17 spp.). La mayoría de las especies (74%) es exclusiva del norte de los Andes, pero ninguna familia es endémica del norte de los Andes. Alrededor del 50% de las especies está amenazada y cerca del 20% con datos deficientes. Los patrones de riqueza de especies en el norte de los Andes podrían ser causados, entre otras razones, por factores históricos, y a su vez por a la falta de muestreo en algunas zonas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Knowledge of Andean anurans is constantly increasing; for this reason, it needs an update. We reviewed scientific literature and museum records to determine the species richness of anurans in the northern Andes and their conservation status based on the IUCN categories. The northern Andes harbor 740 species of anurans, belonging to 13 families and 63 genera. The family with the highest species number was Craugastoridae (334 spp.), followed by Bufonidae (92 spp.), and Centrolenidae (81 spp.). The Cordillera Central of Colombia harbors the highest species richness (199 spp.), while the Cordillera de la Costa Oriental de Venezuela contains the lowest species number (17 spp.). Most species (74%) is endemic to the northern Andes, but no family is endemic to the northern Andes. About 50% species is threatened and 20% is included in the category of deficient data. The species richness patterns in northern Andes might be caused, among other reasons, by historical factors, but also result of sampling lack in some areas.

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          Neotropical Floristic Diversity: Phytogeographical Connections Between Central and South America, Pleistocene Climatic Fluctuations, or an Accident of the Andean Orogeny?

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            Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal.

            Approximately one-half of all species of amphibians occur in the New World tropics, which includes South America, Middle America, and the West Indies. Of those, 27% (801 species) belong to a large assemblage, the eleutherodactyline frogs, which breed out of water and lay eggs that undergo direct development on land. Their wide distribution and mode of reproduction offer potential for resolving questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, progress in all of these fields has been hindered by a poor understanding of their evolutionary relationships. As a result, most of the species have been placed in a single genus, Eleutherodactylus, which is the largest among vertebrates. Our DNA sequence analysis of a major fraction of eleutherodactyline diversity revealed three large radiations of species with unexpected geographic isolation: a South American Clade (393 sp.), a Caribbean Clade (171 sp.), and a Middle American Clade (111 sp.). Molecular clock analyses reject the prevailing hypothesis that these frogs arose from land connections with North and South America and their subsequent fragmentation in the Late Cretaceous (80-70 Mya). Origin by dispersal, probably over water from South America in the early Cenozoic (47-29 million years ago, Mya), is more likely.
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              Biodiversity hotspots house most undiscovered plant species.

              For most organisms, the number of described species considerably underestimates how many exist. This is itself a problem and causes secondary complications given present high rates of species extinction. Known numbers of flowering plants form the basis of biodiversity "hotspots"--places where high levels of endemism and habitat loss coincide to produce high extinction rates. How different would conservation priorities be if the catalog were complete? Approximately 15% more species of flowering plant are likely still undiscovered. They are almost certainly rare, and depending on where they live, suffer high risks of extinction from habitat loss and global climate disruption. By using a model that incorporates taxonomic effort over time, regions predicted to contain large numbers of undiscovered species are already conservation priorities. Our results leave global conservation priorities more or less intact, but suggest considerably higher levels of species imperilment than previously acknowledged.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                paz
                Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
                Pap. Avulsos Zool.
                Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0031-1049
                1807-0205
                2017
                : 57
                : 39
                : 491-526
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva orgdiv2Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Chile loarmesto@ 123456uc.cl
                [2] Caracas orgnameInstituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas orgdiv1Centro de Ecología orgdiv2Laboratorio de Ecología y Genética de Poblaciones Venezuela celsisenaris@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0031-10492017003900491
                10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.39
                228012bd-21ec-44d4-b16b-a1cbe402633e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 December 2017
                : 13 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 36
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Endemism,Endemismo,Ranas,Sapos,Lista de especies,Biogeography,Frogs,Toads,Species list,Biogeografía

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