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      Periprostatic adipocytes act as a driving force for prostate cancer progression in obesity

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          Abstract

          Obesity favours the occurrence of locally disseminated prostate cancer in the periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) surrounding the prostate gland. Here we show that adipocytes from PPAT support the directed migration of prostate cancer cells and that this event is strongly promoted by obesity. This process is dependent on the secretion of the chemokine CCL7 by adipocytes, which diffuses from PPAT to the peripheral zone of the prostate, stimulating the migration of CCR3 expressing tumour cells. In obesity, higher secretion of CCL7 by adipocytes facilitates extraprostatic extension. The observed increase in migration associated with obesity is totally abrogated when the CCR3/CCL7 axis is inhibited. In human prostate cancer tumours, expression of the CCR3 receptor is associated with the occurrence of aggressive disease with extended local dissemination and a higher risk of biochemical recurrence, highlighting the potential benefit of CCR3 antagonists in the treatment of prostate cancer.

          Abstract

          Obesity is associated with an elevated risk of prostate cancer. Here, the authors show that periprostatic adipose tissue promotes the migration and local invasion of prostate cancer cells by secreting the chemokine, CCL7, and that this process is enhanced in the context of obesity.

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          Most cited references56

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          Adipose tissue and adipocytes support tumorigenesis and metastasis.

          Adipose tissue influences tumor development in two major ways. First, obese individuals have a higher risk of developing certain cancers (endometrial, esophageal, and renal cell cancer). However, the risk of developing other cancers (melanoma, rectal, and ovarian) is not altered by body mass. In obesity, hypertrophied adipose tissue depots are characterized by a state of low grade inflammation. In this activated state, adipocytes and inflammatory cells secrete adipokines and cytokines which are known to promote tumor development. In addition, the adipocyte mediated conversion of androgens to estrogen specifically contributes to the development of endometrial cancer, which shows the greatest relative risk (6.3-fold) increase between lean and obese individuals. Second, many tumor types (gastric, breast, colon, renal, and ovarian) grow in the anatomical vicinity of adipose tissue. During their interaction with cancer cells, adipocytes dedifferentiate into pre-adipocytes or are reprogrammed into cancer-associated adipocytes (CAA). CAA secrete adipokines which stimulate the adhesion, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. Cancer cells and CAA also engage in a dynamic exchange of metabolites. Specifically, CAA release fatty acids through lipolysis which are then transferred to cancer cells and used for energy production through β-oxidation. The abundant availability of lipids from adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment, supports tumor progression and uncontrolled growth. Given that adipocytes are a major source of adipokines and energy for the cancer cell, understanding the mechanisms of metabolic symbiosis between cancer cells and adipocytes, should reveal new therapeutic possibilities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3).

            The establishment, characterization, and tumorigenicity of a new epithelial cell line (PC-3) from a human prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to bone is reported. The cultured cells show anchorage-independent growth in both monolayers and in soft agar suspension and produce subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Culture of the transplanted tumor yielded a human cell line with characteristics identical to those used initially to produce the tumor. PC-3 has a greatly reduced dependence upon serum for growth when compared to normal prostatic epithelial cells and does not respond to androgens, glucocorticoids, or epidermal or fibroblast gowth factors. Karyotypic analysis by quinacrine banding revealed the cells to be completely aneuploid with a modal chromosome number in the hypotriploid range. At least 10 distinctive marker chromosomes were identified. The overall karyotype as well as the marker chromosomes are distinct from those of the HeLa cell. Electron microscopic studies revealed many features common to neoplastic cells of epithelial origin including numerous microvilli, junctional complexes, abnormal nuclei and nucleoli, abnormal mitochondria, annulate lamellae, and lipoidal bodies. Overall, the functional and morphologic characteristics of PC-3 are those of a poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma. These cells should be useful in investigating the biochemical changes in advanced prostatic cancer cells and in assessing their response to chemotherapeutic agents.
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              Changing views of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis.

              Metastatic spread of cancer continues to be the greatest barrier to cancer cure. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of metastasis is crucial for the design and effective use of novel therapeutic strategies to combat metastases. One class of molecules that has been repeatedly implicated in metastasis is the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this review, we re-examine the evidence that MMPs are associated with metastasis and that they make a functional contribution to the process. Initially, it was believed that the major role of MMPs in metastasis was to facilitate the breakdown of physical barriers to metastasis, thus promoting invasion and entry into and out of blood or lymphatic vessels (intravasation, extravasation). However, recent evidence suggests that MMPs may have a more complex role in metastasis and that they may make important contributions at other steps in the metastatic process. Studies using intravital videomicroscopy, as well as experiments in which levels of MMPs or their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]) are manipulated genetically or pharmacologically, suggest that MMPs are key regulators of growth of tumors, at both primary and metastatic sites. On the basis of this evidence, a new view of the functional role of MMPs in metastasis is presented, which suggests that MMPs are important in creating and maintaining an environment that supports the initiation and maintenance of growth of primary and metastatic tumors. Further clarification of the mechanisms by which MMPs regulate growth of primary and metastatic tumors will be important in the development of novel therapeutic strategies against metastases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group
                2041-1723
                12 January 2016
                2016
                : 7
                : 10230
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Université de Toulouse, UPS , Toulouse F-31077, France
                [2 ]Département “Biologie du Cancer” et “Biologie Structurale et Biophysique”, CNRS; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale , Toulouse F-31077, France
                [3 ]Département d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer , Toulouse cedex 9 31059, France
                [4 ]Département “Tissu Adipeux, Obésité et Diabète”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , INSERM U1048, Toulouse F-31432, France
                [5 ]Centre Hospitalier de la Région de Saint-Omer (CHRSO), Route de Blendecques , BP 60357, Saint-Omer Cedex 62505, France
                [6 ]Département “Tumeur et Environnement”, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT) , Toulouse Cedex 1 F-31037, France
                [7 ]Département d'Urologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer , Toulouse cedex 9 31059, France
                Author notes
                Article
                ncomms10230
                10.1038/ncomms10230
                4729927
                26756352
                22888ae2-d197-48cd-a30d-99de9171d3ce
                Copyright © 2016, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 22 December 2014
                : 18 November 2015
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