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      A global call for action to include gender in research impact assessment

      editorial
      ,   , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
      Health Research Policy and Systems
      BioMed Central
      Research impact assessment, Gender, Path dependency, Health research, Science policy, Athena SWAN, Call for action

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          Abstract

          Global investment in biomedical research has grown significantly over the last decades, reaching approximately a quarter of a trillion US dollars in 2010. However, not all of this investment is distributed evenly by gender. It follows, arguably, that scarce research resources may not be optimally invested (by either not supporting the best science or by failing to investigate topics that benefit women and men equitably). Women across the world tend to be significantly underrepresented in research both as researchers and research participants, receive less research funding, and appear less frequently than men as authors on research publications. There is also some evidence that women are relatively disadvantaged as the beneficiaries of research, in terms of its health, societal and economic impacts. Historical gender biases may have created a path dependency that means that the research system and the impacts of research are biased towards male researchers and male beneficiaries, making it inherently difficult (though not impossible) to eliminate gender bias. In this commentary, we – a group of scholars and practitioners from Africa, America, Asia and Europe – argue that gender-sensitive research impact assessment could become a force for good in moving science policy and practice towards gender equity. Research impact assessment is the multidisciplinary field of scientific inquiry that examines the research process to maximise scientific, societal and economic returns on investment in research. It encompasses many theoretical and methodological approaches that can be used to investigate gender bias and recommend actions for change to maximise research impact. We offer a set of recommendations to research funders, research institutions and research evaluators who conduct impact assessment on how to include and strengthen analysis of gender equity in research impact assessment and issue a global call for action.

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          Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men.

          A meta-analysis of 45 studies of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles found that female leaders were more transformational than male leaders and also engaged in more of the contingent reward behaviors that are a component of transactional leadership. Male leaders were generally more likely to manifest the other aspects of transactional leadership (active and passive management by exception) and laissez-faire leadership. Although these differences between male and female leaders were small, the implications of these findings are encouraging for female leadership because other research has established that all of the aspects of leadership style on which women exceeded men relate positively to leaders' effectiveness whereas all of the aspects on which men exceeded women have negative or null relations to effectiveness.
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            The "gender gap" in authorship of academic medical literature--a 35-year perspective.

            Participation of women in the medical profession has increased during the past four decades, but issues of concern persist regarding disparities between the sexes in academic medicine. Advancement is largely driven by peer-reviewed original research, so we sought to determine the representation of female physician-investigators among the authors of selected publications during the past 35 years. Original articles from six prominent medical journals--the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the Annals of Internal Medicine (Ann Intern Med), the Annals of Surgery (Ann Surg), Obstetrics & Gynecology (Obstet Gynecol), and the Journal of Pediatrics (J Pediatr)--were categorized according to the sex of both the first and the senior (last listed) author. Sex was also determined for the authors of guest editorials in NEJM and JAMA. Data were collected for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2004. The analysis was restricted to authors from U.S. institutions holding M.D. degrees. The sex was determined for 98.5 percent of the 7249 U.S. authors of original research with M.D. degrees. The proportion of first authors who were women increased from 5.9 percent in 1970 to 29.3 percent in 2004 (P<0.001), and the proportion of senior authors who were women increased from 3.7 percent to 19.3 percent (P<0.001) during the same period. The proportion of authors who were women increased most sharply in Obstet Gynecol (from 6.7 percent of first authors and 6.8 percent of senior authors in 1970 to 40.7 percent of first authors and 28.0 percent of senior authors in 2004) and J Pediatr (from 15.0 percent of first authors and 4.3 percent of senior authors in 1970 to 38.9 percent of first authors and 38.0 percent of senior authors in 2004) and remained low in Ann Surg (from 2.3 percent of first authors and 0.7 percent of senior authors in 1970 to 16.7 percent of first authors and 6.7 percent of senior authors in 2004). In 2004, 11.4 percent of the authors of guest editorials in NEJM and 18.8 percent of the authors of guest editorials in JAMA were women. Over the past four decades, the proportion of women among both first and senior physician-authors of original research in the United States has significantly increased. Nevertheless, women still compose a minority of the authors of original research and guest editorials in the journals studied. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              The Matthew Matilda Effect in Science

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                pavel.ovseiko@medsci.ox.ac.uk
                trish.greenhalgh@phc.ox.ac.uk
                padam@gencat.cat
                jonathan.grant@kcl.ac.uk
                saba.hinrichs@kcl.ac.uk
                kathryn.graham@aihealthsolutions.ca
                pamela.valentine@aihealthsolutions.ca
                omar.sued@huesped.org.ar
                oboukhris@qnrf.org
                nolaqi@qf.org.qa
                idrees.alrahbi@trc.gov.om
                anne-maree.dowd@csiro.au
                sara.bice@unimelb.edu.au
                theiden@ktaustralia.com
                michael.fischer@unimelb.edu.au
                sue.dopson@sbs.ox.ac.uk
                rnorton@georgeinstitute.org
                alexandra.pollitt@kcl.ac.uk
                wooding@rand.org
                gvb@novo.dk
                uj@lundbeckfonden.dk
                kuhlmann@em.uni-frankfurt.de
                i.klinge@maastrichtuniversity.nl
                lpololi@brandeis.edu
                rjagsi@med.umich.edu
                ubtm188@mail.bbk.ac.uk
                h.etzko@googlemail.com
                mwn@stanford.edu
                carmecarrion@gmail.com
                mtsolans@gencat.ca
                evizcaino@gencat.cat
                ayub.sadiq@ubd.edu.bn
                quentin.cheok@ubd.edu.bn
                baerbel@qs.com
                msimuyemba@gmail.com
                temwa.msiska@hotmail.co.uk
                giovanna.declich@asdo-info.org
                laurel.edmunds@medsci.ox.ac.uk
                vasiliki.kiparoglou@ouh.nhs.uk
                alison.buchan@utoronto.ca
                catherine.williamson@kcl.ac.uk
                graham.lord@kcl.ac.uk
                keith.channon@cardiov.ox.ac.uk
                rebecca.surender@gtc.ox.ac.uk
                alastair.buchan@medsci.ox.ac.uk
                Journal
                Health Res Policy Syst
                Health Res Policy Syst
                Health Research Policy and Systems
                BioMed Central (London )
                1478-4505
                19 July 2016
                19 July 2016
                2016
                : 14
                : 50
                Affiliations
                [ ]Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU United Kingdom
                [ ]Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG United Kingdom
                [ ]Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia (AQuAS), Carrer de Roc Boronat, 81, ES-08005 Barcelona, Spain
                [ ]The Policy Institute, King’s College London, Strand Campus, London, WC2R 2LS United Kingdom
                [ ]Alberta Innovates – Health Solutions, 10104-103 Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T5J 4A7 Canada
                [ ]Fundación Huésped, Pasaje A. Peluffo 3932 (C1202ABB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [ ]Qatar National Research Fund, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
                [ ]Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
                [ ]Department of Studies and Planning, The Research Council, P.O. Box 1422, Al Azaiba, 130 Oman
                [ ]Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, P.O. Box 883, Kenmore, Brisbane, 4069 Australia
                [ ]Melbourne School of Government, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
                [ ]School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
                [ ]Knowledge Translation Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [ ]Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Melbourne, 198 Berkeley Street, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
                [ ]Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Park End Street, Oxford, OX1 1HR United Kingdom
                [ ]The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BD United Kingdom
                [ ]The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, P.O. Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050 Australia
                [ ]RAND Europe, Westbrook Centre, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 1YG United Kingdom
                [ ]Novo Nordisk Foundation, Tuborg Havnevej 19, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
                [ ]Lundbeck Foundation, Scherfigsvej 7, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
                [ ]Institute for Economics, Labour and Culture, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 31, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
                [ ]Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavaegen 18a, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
                [ ]Horizon 2020 Advisory Group for Gender, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
                [ ]National Initiative on Gender, Culture and Leadership in Medicine: C-Change, Brandeis University Women’s Studies Research Center, 415 South Street, MS 079, Waltham, MA 02454 United States of America
                [ ]Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States of America
                [ ]Department of Management, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX United Kingdom
                [ ]International Triple Helix Institute, 1520 Sand Hill Road, A210, Palo Alto, CA 94304 United States of America
                [ ]Gendered Innovations, History Department, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 United States of America
                [ ]Health Sciences Department, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Av. Tibidabo 39-43, ES-08035 Barcelona, Spain
                [ ]PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
                [ ]Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
                [ ]QS Intelligence Unit, Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd, 4 Heathgate, Agincourt Rd, London, NW3 2NT United Kingdom
                [ ]Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Nationalist Rd, Lusaka, Zambia
                [ ]Research Support Centre, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3 Malawi
                [ ]Assembly of Women for Development and the Struggle against Social Exclusion (ASDO), via Guido Reni 56, 00196 Rome, Italy
                [ ]NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Joint Research Office, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE United Kingdom
                [ ]Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU United Kingdom
                [ ]Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
                [ ]Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 1UL United Kingdom
                [ ]NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT United Kingdom
                [ ]Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, London, SE1 9RT United Kingdom
                [ ]MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Guys’ Hospital, London, SE1 9RT United Kingdom
                [ ]Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER United Kingdom
                [ ]Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
                Article
                126
                10.1186/s12961-016-0126-z
                4950803
                27432056
                22c0f9d7-6058-41f7-8e79-dbdd6b82abee
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 5 April 2016
                : 24 June 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
                Categories
                Commentary
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Health & Social care
                research impact assessment,gender,path dependency,health research,science policy,athena swan,call for action

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