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      Rapid Quality Identification of Decoction Pieces of Crude and Processed Corydalis Rhizoma by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics

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          Abstract

          In order to identify the quality of crude and processed Corydalis Rhizoma decoction pieces, the research established a simple, fast, reliable, and validated near-infrared qualitative and quantitative model combined with chemometrics. 51 batches of crude and 40 batches of processed Corydalis Rhizoma from the Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China were collected and analyzed. Crude and processed Corydalis Rhizoma samples were crushed to obtain NIR spectra. The content of seven alkaloids in crude and processed Corydalis Rhizoma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pretreatment methods were screened such as normalization methods, offset filtering methods, and smoothing. Combined with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and partial least squares (PLS), the qualitative and quantitative models of crude and processed Corydalis Rhizoma were established, and the correlation coefficient ( R 2), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were used as evaluation indexes. Tetrahydropalmatine was used as an example for screening pretreatment methods; the results showed that MSC combined with the second derivative and no smoothing and the model with the wavelength range of 10000–5000 cm −1 had the best predictive ability and applied to all seven alkaloid components. Among them, the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.99, and RMSEC and RMSEP were all less than 1%. The qualitative and quantitative model of the seven alkaloids in Corydalis Rhizoma can effectively identify the crude and processed Corydalis Rhizoma and determine the content of the seven alkaloids. By studying the NIR qualitative and quantitative models of crude and processed Corydalis Rhizoma, we can achieve rapid discrimination and quantitative prediction of crude and processed Corydalis Rhizoma. These methods can greatly improve the efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine analysis and provide a strong scientific basis for the quality identification and control of traditional Chinese medicine.

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          The metabolism of berberine and its contribution to the pharmacological effects.

          Berberine, a bioactive alkaloid isolated from several herbal substances, possesses multiple pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer activities. Meanwhile, berberine undergoes extensive metabolism after oral administration which results in its extremely low plasma exposure. Therefore, it is believed that the metabolites of berberine also contribute a lot to its pharmacological effects. Along these lines, this review covers the metabolism studies of berberine in terms of its metabolic pathways and metabolic organs based on the identified metabolites, and it also covers the pharmacological activities of its active metabolites. In brief, the predominant metabolic pathways of berberine are demethylation, demethylenation, reduction, hydroxylation and subsequent conjugation in vivo. Active metabolites such as columbamine, berberrubine and demethyleneberberine also exhibit similar pharmacological effects by comparison with berberine, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects. Overall, berberine together with its metabolites formed the material basis of berberine in vivo.
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            Palmatine: A Review of its Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics

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              Qualitative and quantitative analysis in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines.

              Separation techniques with high efficiency and sensitive detection have been widely used for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). High-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis are commonly used to separate various components in TCMs. Ultraviolet detection, fluorescence detection, evaporative light-scattering detection, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance can be applied to separation techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of TCMs. The development of quality control for TCMs based on quantitative and qualitative analysis from 2000 to 2007 are reviewed; the fingerprint technique is also discussed due to its broad application in the quality control of TCMs. Prospects for further research based on our primary results are also discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Anal Methods Chem
                J Anal Methods Chem
                jamc
                Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry
                Hindawi
                2090-8865
                2090-8873
                2021
                22 July 2021
                : 2021
                : 1936057
                Affiliations
                1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
                2Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311401, China
                3Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311401, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Karoly Heberger

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7277-6009
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-7859
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7190-9500
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-0142
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-4469
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-4337
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8656-0428
                Article
                10.1155/2021/1936057
                8324354
                34336355
                22d1c246-8ada-4464-95d7-952a82393215
                Copyright © 2021 Weihao Zhu et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 May 2021
                : 5 July 2021
                : 15 July 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key R&D Program of China—Research on Key Technology for Quality Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine
                Award ID: 2018YFC1707001
                Funded by: “Science and Technology Innovation 2025” Major Special Project in Ningbo
                Award ID: 20201ZDYF020069
                Funded by: National Standardization Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China
                Award ID: ZYBZH-H-ZY-45
                Funded by: Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CACM
                Award ID: QNRC2-C12
                Funded by: National Industry Special of Traditional Chinese Medicine
                Award ID: 201507002
                Categories
                Research Article

                Analytical chemistry
                Analytical chemistry

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