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      Bases genéticas de la hipertensión arterial esencial en Colombia: avances en nueve años de estudio Translated title: Genetic basis of essential arterial hypertension in Colombia: advances in nine years of work

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          Abstract

          Las enfermedades cardiovasculares se han consolidado como las principales causas de enfermedad y muerte no violenta en Colombia. La hipertensión arterial es el desorden cardiovascular más frecuente en nuestra nación, con una prevalencia que oscila entre 13% y 23% (1, 2). Por la alta frecuencia en la población adulta, la hipertensión arterial es un factor de riesgo mayor para el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria así como de enfermedad cerebrovascular y renal. Por más de cincuenta años se han investigado las causas de la hipertensión arterial y se ha descubierto que existen factores ambientales y genéticos que afectan la respuesta de órganos como el riñón o el cerebro y del sistema cardiovascular, que además provocan alteraciones en el control de la presión arterial y la hipertensión crónica. Algunos factores ambientales como exceso de calorías y sal en la dieta, sobrepeso, estrés sicosocial y consumo significativo de alcohol elevan la presión arterial (3), lo cual se ha corroborado en nuestra población (4). Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de qué factores genéticos participan en el desarrollo de la hipertensión. En la actualidad, se considera que el componente genético, aun no clarificado, determina un 30% a 50% de los niveles de presión arterial en las poblaciones (5). Para iniciar el estudio genético se tomó una población colombiana de tamaño mediano. De un total de 5.720 personas entre 18 y 65 años, se evaluaron 3.000, de donde se excluyeron individuos con primer grado de consanguinidad (1.998 sujetos). Se obtuvo la curva de distribución de la presión arterial con 1.002 individuos sin parentesco en quienes se estudiaron varios genes candidatos para hipertensión (6-22). Se ha encontrado que genes candidatos como el gen del angiotensinógeno (AGT) regulan la función renal y provocan retención de sal y vasoconstricción sistémica (23, 24). Otros genes están implicados en el trasporte molecular de sodio en el riñón, como el WNK1 y el GNB3 (25-28), o poseen acción en la vasculatura, como el gen del receptor beta 2 adrenérgico (29). Inicialmente, se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles para comparar los percentiles 10 y 90 de la curva de distribución de presión arterial. Se analizaron los haplotipos de las variantes M235T en el exón 2 y dos variantes moleculares de la región promotora del gen AGT (A-6G; A-20C). Se genotipificaron 191 personas con la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (ARMS-PCR). Al comparar los diferentes genotipos para A-20C se demostró asociación genética entre la presencia de hipertensión con la variante -20AA del gen AGT (X2 = 4,26; p < 0,05). Posteriormente, se encontró asociación del gen GNB3, que controla el transporte de sodio por los túbulos renales, el cual mostró un efecto genético independiente en presencia de hipertensión en individuos obesos portadores del alelo 825T del gen GNB3. En estos individuos la hipertensión se desarrollaría a través de la expansión del volumen vascular por cambios en la excreción renal de sal. Finalmente, el gen del receptor beta 2 adrenérgico no demostró asociación genética con hipertensión pero tuvo una alta frecuencia en nuestra población, por lo cual se evaluó su efecto hemodinámico. La presencia de homocigocidad en los nucleótidos que determinan el aminoácido en la posición 16 del gen, modifica el estado hemodinámico a través cambios significativos del gasto cardiaco en reposo, bajo estímulo postural en la mesa basculante o bajo el efecto de un agonista del receptor beta 2. Después de nueve años de exploración de las bases genéticas de la hipertensión esencial en Colombia, se demuestra la presencia de subgrupos de individuos con diferencias fenotípicas a partir de ciertos genotipos. Estos resultados marcan nuevas direcciones para entender la fisiopatología de esta condición en nuestra población y son el punto de partida para una mejor caracterización de la hipertensión con fines preventivos y terapéuticos.

          Translated abstract

          Cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of disease and non-violent death in Colombia. Arterial hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disorder in our country, with a prevalence oscillating between 13% and 23% (1, 2). Given its high frequency in the adult population, arterial hypertension is a mayor risk for the development of coronary disease, as well as for cerebro-vascular and renal diseases. The causes of arterial hypertension have been investigated for more than fifty years and it has been stated that there are environmental and genetic factors that affect the response of organs such as the kidney, the brain and the cardiovascular system, which in turn provoke alterations in the arterial pressure control and chronic hypertension. Some environmental factors like excessive caloric and salt intake, overweight, psycho-social stress and significant alcohol intake raise the arterial pressure (3), which has been corroborated in our population (4). Nevertheless, little is known regarding the genetic factors implicated in the development of hypertension. Currently, the not yet clarified genetic component determines 30% to 50% of the blood pressure levels in the population (5). In order to initiate the genetic study, a medium size population was chosen. From a total of 5.720 people with ages between 18 and 65 years, 3.000 were evaluated, excluding relatives with first degree of consanguinity (1.998 subjects). A distribution curve of the arterial pressure was obtained with 1.002 non-related individuals in whom many candidate genes for hypertension were studied (6-22). It has been found that candidate genes like the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) regulates kidney function, provokes salt retention and systemic vasoconstriction (23, 24). Other genes are implicated in the molecular sodium transport in the kidney, like the WNK1 and the GNB3 (25, 28), or act in the vasculature as the beta 2 adrenergic receptor gene (29). Initially, a case control study was designed in order to compare the 10 and 90 percentiles from the arterial pressure distribution curve. The haplotypes of the M235T in the exon and two molecular variants of the promoter region of the AGT gene (A-6G; A-20C) were analyzed. 191 people were genotyped by means of the polymerase chain reaction technique (ARMS-PCR). When comparing the different genotypes for A-20C, a genetic association between the presence of hypertension with the -20AA variant of the AGT gene was found (X<SUp>2</SUp>; = 4,26; p < 0,05). Later, an association of the GNB3 gene that controls the sodium transport by the renal tubules was found. It showed an independent genetic effect in the presence of hypertension in obese individuals, carriers of the 825T allele of the GNB3 gene. In these individuals hypertension would develop through vascular volume expansion due to changes in the renal salt excretion. Finally, the gene of the beta 2 adrenergic receptor did not show genetic association with hypertension, but had a high frequency in our population; for this reason, its hemodynamic effect was evaluated. The presence of homozygocity in the nucleotides that determine the amino acid in the 16 gene position modifies the hemodynamic state through significant changes in the cardiac output at rest, under postural stimulation in the tilt table or under the effect of an agonist of the beta 2 receptor. After nine years exploring the genetic basis of essential hypertension in Colombia, the presence of subgroups of individuals with phenotypic differences through certain genotypes is demonstrated. Theses results open new ways in order to understand the pathophysiology of this condition in our population and are the start point for a better characterization of hypertension with preventive and therapeutic aims.

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          Most cited references83

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          Inference of haplotypes from PCR-amplified samples of diploid populations.

          A Clark (1990)
          Direct sequencing of genomic DNA from diploid individuals leads to ambiguities on sequencing gels whenever there is more than one mismatching site in the sequences of the two orthologous copies of a gene. While these ambiguities cannot be resolved from a single sample without resorting to other experimental methods (such as cloning in the traditional way), population samples may be useful for inferring haplotypes. For each individual in the sample that is homozygous for the amplified sequence, there are no ambiguities in the identification of the allele's sequence. The sequences of other alleles can be inferred by taking the remaining sequence after "subtracting off" the sequencing ladder of each known site. Details of the algorithm for extracting allelic sequences from such data are presented here, along with some population-genetic considerations that influence the likelihood for success of the method. The algorithm also applies to the problem of inferring haplotype frequencies of closely linked restriction-site polymorphisms.
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            Association of a human G-protein beta3 subunit variant with hypertension.

            Hypertension is a common disorder of multifactorial origin that constitutes a major risk factor for cardiovascular events such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Previous studies demonstrated an enhanced signal transduction via pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins in lymphoblasts and fibroblasts from selected patients with essential hypertension. We have detected a novel polymorphism (C825T) in exon 10 of the gene encoding the beta3 subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins (GNB3). The T allele is associated with the occurrence of a splice variant, GNB3-s (encoding G beta3-s), in which the nucleotides 498-620 of exon 9 are deleted. This in-frame deletion causes the loss of 41 amino acids and one WD repeat domain of the G beta subunit. By western-blot analysis, G beta3-s appears to be predominantly expressed in cells from individuals carrying the T allele. Significant enhancement of stimulated GTPgammaS binding to Sf9 insect cells expressing G beta3-s together with G alpha(i)2 and G gamma5 indicates that this splice variant is biologically active. Genotype analysis of 427 normotensive and 426 hypertensive subjects suggests a significant association of the T allele with essential hypertension.
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              Evaluation of three devices for self-measurement of blood pressure according to the revised British Hypertension Society Protocol: the Omron HEM-705CP, Philips HP5332, and Nissei DS-175.

              OBJECTIVE: We evaluated three devices for self-measurement of blood pressure - the Omron HEM-705CP, the Philips HP5332 and the Nissei DS-175 - according to the revised protocol of the British Hypertension Society (BHS). The results were also analysed according to the criteria for accuracy of the revised standard of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). DESIGN: The revised BHS protocol is divided into two parts. Part I, the part applicable to this study, comprises the main validation procedure and has five phases: Before-use device calibration; in-use (field) phase; after-use device calibration; static device validation; report of evaluation. METHODS: Three models of each device passed the before-use device calibration test, after which they entered the in-use phase, which involved use of the three recorders for a month; inter-device calibration was assessed again at the end of the month. There was no difference in calibration testing between the three models of each device, and therefore one of each was selected randomly; the main validation test was carried out in 85 subjects with a wide range of pressures, and the results were analysed according to the BHS grading system from A to D. RESULTS: The Omron HEM-705CP achieved an overall B/A grading and fulfilled the AAMI accuracy criteria; the Philips HP5332 achieved an overall C/A grading and failed the AAMI accuracy criteria for measuring systolic pressure; the Nissei DS-175 achieved an overall D/A grading and failed the AAMI accuracy criteria for measuring systolic pressure. When the BHS and AAMI criteria were applied to tertiles of pressure (low-pressure range 160/100 mmHg) all three devices were less accurate in the high-pressure range: the Omron HEM-705CP achieved C/B grading while continuing to fulfil the AAMI criteria; the Philips HP5332 dropped to D grading for systolic pressure and the Nissei DS-175 achieved a lower D grading for systolic pressure. The mean and standard deviation of the first mercury sphygmomanometer measurements were 148+/-35/88+/-22 mmHg. Acceptability by the users was good and the manufacturer's manual was satisfactory for all three devices. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these results, the Omron HEM-705CP was the most accurate of the three devices tested, achieving Grade B for systolic and Grade A for diastolic pressure, as well as fulfilling the AAMI criteria for accuracy for both systolic and diastolic pressure. It can therefore be recommended for the clinical measurement of blood pressure and is the first inexpensive device to satisfy the accuracy criteria of these protocols.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Role: ND
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                Journal
                rcca
                Revista Colombiana de Cardiología
                Rev. Colomb. Cardiol.
                Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiologia. Oficina de Publicaciones (Bogota )
                0120-5633
                April 2006
                : 12
                : 6
                : 409-430
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Clínica Medellín Colombia
                [2 ] Departamento de Cardiología Preventiva United Kingdom
                [3 ] Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S0120-56332006000200004
                22f9c963-47e4-47b9-ab22-88301072a95c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-5633&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                hypertension,candidate genes,polymorphism,genomic,pathophysiology,pharmacogenetics,molecular mechanisms,hipertensión,genes candidatos,polimorfismos,fisiopatología,genómica,farmacogenética,mecanismos moleculares

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