Role of the Cytokines in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and Gonadal Axes

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Abstract

Cytokines are soluble mediators of immune function that also regulate several endocrine systems. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) each mediate certain aspects of inflammation. In addition, these agents regulate hormone secretion from and cellular proliferation within endocrine tissues. Thus, IL-1 and IL-6 each affect hormone release from anterior pituitary cells (e.g., growth hormone) and inhibit the proliferation of these cells. Cytokines are also localized within discrete nuclei of the hypothalamus (e.g., IL-1 in the paraventricular nucleus), where they may affect production of neuropeptides and biogenic amines (e.g., corticotropin-releasing hormone). Similarly, IL-1 and TNFα affect granulosa cell steroidogenesis and IL-6 production. Follicular atresia may either be augmented or inhibited by cytokines depending on their ability to regulate cellular apoptosis. Compartmentation of cytokines within adrenal tissue (e.g., IL-6 in the zona glomerulosa) allows localized effects of these factors on glucocorticoid secretion. Thus, cytokines affect via paracrine or autocrine pathways both hormone secretion from, and possibly cellular differentiation within, endocrine tissues.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): NIM

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuroimmunomodulation

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1021-7401

Title: Neuroimmunomodulation

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 1021-7401

ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0216

Publication date Subscription-year: 1995

Publication date (Print): 1995

Publication date (Electronic): 02 May 1996

Volume: 2

Issue: 5

Pages: 299-312

Affiliations

^aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nev.; ^bDepartment of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; ^cDepartment of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, S.C., USA

Article

Publisher ID: 97209 Other ID: Neuroimmunomodulation 1995;2:299–312

DOI: 10.1159/000097209

PubMed ID: 8739203

SO-VID: 2312563b-80ff-48e7-8db3-492daf523482

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

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