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      Complete Genome Sequence of Undomesticated Bacillus subtilis Strain NCIB 3610

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          ABSTRACT

          Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that serves as an important experimental system. B. subtilis NCIB 3610 is an undomesticated strain that exhibits phenotypes lost from the more common domesticated laboratory strains. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of DK1042, a genetically competent derivative of NCIB 3610.

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          Fruiting body formation by Bacillus subtilis.

          Spore formation by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been studied as a model for cellular differentiation, but predominantly as a single cell. When analyzed within the context of highly structured, surface-associated communities (biofilms), spore formation was discovered to have heretofore unsuspected spatial organization. Initially, motile cells differentiated into aligned chains of attached cells that eventually produced aerial structures, or fruiting bodies, that served as preferential sites for sporulation. Fruiting body formation depended on regulatory genes required early in sporulation and on genes evidently needed for exopolysaccharide and surfactin production. The formation of aerial structures was robust in natural isolates but not in laboratory strains, an indication that multicellularity has been lost during domestication of B. subtilis. Other microbial differentiation processes long thought to involve only single cells could display the spatial organization characteristic of multicellular organisms when studied with recent natural isolates.
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            A major protein component of the Bacillus subtilis biofilm matrix.

            Microbes construct structurally complex multicellular communities (biofilms) through production of an extracellular matrix. Here we present evidence from scanning electron microscopy showing that a wild strain of the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis builds such a matrix. Genetic, biochemical and cytological evidence indicates that the matrix is composed predominantly of a protein component, TasA, and an exopolysaccharide component. The absence of TasA or the exopolysaccharide resulted in a residual matrix, while the absence of both components led to complete failure to form complex multicellular communities. Extracellular complementation experiments revealed that a functional matrix can be assembled even when TasA and the exopolysaccharide are produced by different cells, reinforcing the view that the components contribute to matrix formation in an extracellular manner. Having defined the major components of the biofilm matrix and the control of their synthesis by the global regulator SinR, we present a working model for how B. subtilis switches between nomadic and sedentary lifestyles.
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              A master regulator for biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis.

              Wild strains of Bacillus subtilis are capable of forming architecturally complex communities of cells known as biofilms. Critical to biofilm formation is the eps operon, which is believed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of an exopolysaccharide that binds chains of cells together in bundles. We report that transcription of eps is under the negative regulation of SinR, a repressor that was found to bind to multiple sites in the regulatory region of the operon. Mutations in sinR bypassed the requirement in biofilm formation of two genes of unknown function, ylbF and ymcA, and sinI, which is known to encode an antagonist of SinR. We propose that these genes are members of a pathway that is responsible for counteracting SinR-mediated repression. We further propose that SinR is a master regulator that governs the transition between a planktonic state in which the bacteria swim as single cells in liquid or swarm in small groups over surfaces, and a sessile state in which the bacteria adhere to each other to form bundled chains and assemble into multicellular communities.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Genome Announc
                Genome Announc
                ga
                ga
                GA
                Genome Announcements
                American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                2169-8287
                18 May 2017
                May 2017
                : 5
                : 20
                : e00364-17
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
                [b ]Indiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Lyle A. Simmons, lasimm@ 123456umich.edu .
                Article
                genomeA00364-17
                10.1128/genomeA.00364-17
                5477328
                28522717
                235ed8a1-9d2b-4887-954d-ca90e60503ce
                Copyright © 2017 Nye et al.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

                History
                : 24 March 2017
                : 27 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 2, Words: 1248
                Funding
                Funded by: HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH) https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002
                Award ID: GM093030
                Award Recipient : Daniel B. Kearns
                Funded by: HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH) https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002
                Award ID: T32GM007544
                Award Recipient : Jeremy W. Schroeder
                Funded by: HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH) https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002
                Award ID: GM107312
                Award Recipient : Lyle A. Simmons
                Funded by: National Science Foundation (NSF) https://doi.org/10.13039/100000001
                Award ID: DGE 1256260
                Award Recipient : Taylor M. Nye
                Categories
                Prokaryotes
                Custom metadata
                May 2017

                Genetics
                Genetics

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