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      Changes in maternal feelings for children with autism spectrum disorder after childbirth: The impact of knowledge about the disorder

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          Abstract

          The social interactions between caregivers and their children play a crucial role in childhood development; therefore, caregivers’ feelings for children are critical for the development of social minds. Mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are known to experience higher levels of stress. However, knowledge regarding mothers’ feelings for their children before receiving a clinical diagnosis is limited. This study retrospectively investigated the time course of mothers’ feelings from the time of birth and the effect of protective factors. The participants were 5- to 8-year-old children with an ASD diagnosis and their mothers. The mothers of the children with ASD had less positive feelings toward their children than the mothers of the typically developed (TD) children before receiving a clinical diagnosis. Intriguingly, prior knowledge of ASD may relieve maternal mental distress during the child-rearing years and at the time of diagnosis.

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          Most cited references33

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          A SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE.

          W W Zung (1965)
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            The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): development and general psychometric properties.

            This paper reports on the field testing, empirical derivation and psychometric properties of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life assessment (the WHOQOL). The steps are presented from the development of the initial pilot version of the instrument to the field trial version, the so-called WHOQOL-100. The instrument has been developed collaboratively in a number of centres in diverse cultural settings over several years; data are presented on the performance of the instrument in 15 different settings worldwide.
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              Estimation of premorbid IQ in individuals with Alzheimer's disease using Japanese ideographic script (Kanji) compound words: Japanese version of National Adult Reading Test.

              The National Adult Reading Test (NART) is widely used as a measure of premorbid IQ of the English-speaking patients with dementia. The purpose of the present study was to develop a Japanese version of the NART (JART), using 50 Japanese irregular words, all of which are Kanji (ideographic script) compound words. Reading performance based on JART and IQ as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) was examined in a sample of 100 normal elderly (NE) persons and in 70 age-, sex-, and education-matched patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The NE group was randomly divided into the NE calculation group (n=50) and the NE validation group (n=50). Using the NE calculation group, a linear regression equation was obtained in which the observed full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was regressed on the reading errors of the JART. When the regressed equation computed from the NE calculation group was applied to the NE validation group, the predicted FSIQ adequately fit the observed FSIQ (R2=0.78). Further, independent t-tests showed that the JART-predicted IQs were not significantly different between the NE and AD groups, whereas the AD group performed worse in the observed IQs. The reading ability of Kanji compound words is well-preserved in Japanese patients with AD. The JART is a valid scale for evaluating premorbid IQ in patients with AD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Supervision
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Supervision
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Supervision
                Role: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2 August 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 8
                : e0201862
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
                [2 ] Division of Socio-Cognitive-Neuroscience, Department of Child Development United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Kanazawa, Japan
                [3 ] Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
                [4 ] Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
                Chiba Daigaku, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3013-7844
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2567-0276
                Article
                PONE-D-18-18485
                10.1371/journal.pone.0201862
                6072130
                30071114
                236b9c60-53fd-47ce-be74-db78cca2a45e
                © 2018 Tomiyama et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 June 2018
                : 23 July 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009033, Center of Innovation Program;
                Award Recipient :
                YM received the fund from Center of innovation in Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Mothers
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Developmental Psychology
                Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Developmental Psychology
                Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mood Disorders
                Depression
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Developmental Psychology
                Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Autism
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Developmental Psychology
                Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Autism
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Developmental Neuroscience
                Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Autism
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Neurology
                Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Autism
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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