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      Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

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          Abstract

          Previous guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules and cancers were geared toward adults. Compared with thyroid neoplasms in adults, however, those in the pediatric population exhibit differences in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and long-term outcomes. Furthermore, therapy that may be recommended for an adult may not be appropriate for a child who is at low risk for death but at higher risk for long-term harm from overly aggressive treatment. For these reasons, unique guidelines for children and adolescents with thyroid tumors are needed.

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          Most cited references313

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          Molecular genetics and diagnosis of thyroid cancer.

          Yuri E. Nikiforov, Marina Nikiforova (2011)
          Thyroid cancer is a common type of endocrine malignancy, and its incidence has been steadily increasing in many regions of the world. Initiation and progression of thyroid cancer involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, of which mutations leading to the activation of the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways are crucial. Common mutations found in thyroid cancer are point mutation of the BRAF and RAS genes as well as RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ chromosomal rearrangements. The mutational mechanisms seem to be linked to specific etiologic factors. Chromosomal rearrangements have a strong association with exposure to ionizing radiation and possibly with DNA fragility, whereas point mutations probably arise as a result of chemical mutagenesis. A potential role of dietary iodine excess in the generation of BRAF point mutations has also been proposed. Somatic mutations and other molecular alterations have been recognized as helpful diagnostic and prognostic markers for thyroid cancer and are beginning to be introduced into clinical practice, to offer a valuable tool for the management of patients with thyroid nodules.
          Article 0 comments Cited 325 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Management of a solitary thyroid nodule.

            E Mazzaferri (1993)
            Article 0 comments Cited 189 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference.

              Zubair W Baloch, Virginia A LiVolsi, Syl L Asa … (2008)
              The National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored the NCI Thyroid Fine-needle Aspiration (FNA) State of the Science Conference on October 22-23, 2007 in Bethesda, MD. The two-day meeting was accompanied by a permanent informational website and several on-line discussion periods between May 1 and December 15, 2007 (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov). This document summarizes matters regarding diagnostic terminology/classification scheme for thyroid FNA interpretation and cytomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of various benign and malignant thyroid lesions. (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov/pages/info/agenda/).
              Article 0 comments Cited 161 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Thyroid
                Title: Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association
                ISSN (Electronic): 1557-9077
                ISSN (Print): 1050-7256
                Publication date (Electronic): Jul 2015
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ] 1 Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia.
                [2 ] 2 Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders and Department of Pediatrics-Patient Care, Children's Cancer Hospital, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas.
                [3 ] 3 Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
                [4 ] 4 Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania , The Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
                [5 ] 5 Section of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.
                [6 ] 6 University of Messina , Interdepartmental Program on Clinical & Molecular Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, A.O.U. Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, Messina, Italy .
                [7 ] 7 Department of Morphology and Genetics. Division of Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
                [8 ] 8 Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut.
                [9 ] 9 Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto , Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .
                [10 ] 10 Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota.
                [11 ] 11 University of Marburg , Marburg, Germany .
                [12 ] 12 Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg , Marburg, Germany .
                [13 ] 13 Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital , Department of Radiology, Seattle, Washington.
                [14 ] 14 Pediatric Division, Assaf Haroffeh Medical Center , Zerifin, Israel .
                [15 ] 15 Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .
                [16 ] 16 Department of Surgery, Division of Subspecialty GS (General Surgery), Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.
                [17 ] 17 Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, Japan .
                Article
                DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0460
                PubMed ID: 25900731
                SO-VID: 23af7551-2a47-4a88-9899-0cf9b2bf43d2
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