A coleta seletiva nas pesquisas brasileiras: uma avaliação metodológica

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Abstract

Resumo A coleta seletiva é uma atividade que tem atraído grande interesse da sociedade, tanto pela sua contribuição à sustentabilidade urbana como pela geração de renda, de cidadania e pela economia de recursos naturais que proporciona. A melhoria na prestação desse serviço depende de uma avaliação adequada da sua situação, algo normalmente realizado por meio de levantamentos estatísticos. Contudo, ao se analisar as quatro principais pesquisas brasileiras sobre o tema, descobriu-se que elas apresentam dados bastante contrastantes. Um dos mais divergentes refere-se ao número de municípios que oferecem a coleta seletiva que, segundo os relatórios, pode ser de 14%, 20%, 32% ou 60%. Por isso, buscou-se aqui comparar os procedimentos metodológicos adotados nas pesquisas brasileiras sobre coleta seletiva, a fim de explicar suas divergências e esboçar um panorama da oferta desse serviço no país. Os resultados revelaram que a coleta seletiva ainda é incipiente em abrangência (ocorre em apenas 41% dos municípios) e em eficiência (apenas 10% daquilo que é potencialmente reciclável é recolhido). Descobriu-se também que há espaço para aperfeiçoamento na produção dos relatórios, especialmente nos métodos amostrais, nas técnicas estatísticas para os cálculos finais e na qualidade das perguntas dos questionários, fatores que mais influenciaram as disparidades observadas.

Translated abstract

Abstract Selective waste collection is an activity recognized for its role in urban sustainability. This is especially true in Brazil, where it generates wealth, employment and social inclusion. However, a better understanding of this public service depends on the proper evaluation of its situation. While analyzing the main national reports on selective waste collection, we observed some contrasting statistics. One that deserves attention is the percentage of cities that offer such programs, with values of 14%, 20%, 32% and 60% found in the reports. Therefore, the purpose here was to compare the methods used in these reports in order to find explanation for these differences. The results showed that the sampling method, the quality of the questions, and statistical techniques used in the analyses were responsible for the major variations. Furthermore, it was found that selective waste collection is still incipient in Brazil because recycling programs are available in just 41% of the cities and only about 10% of potentially recyclable waste is actually collected.

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Most cited references 30

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Delivering sustainable urban water management: a review of the hurdles we face.

R R Brown, M A Farrelly (2009)

Sustainable urban water management (SUWM) requires an integrated, adaptive, coordinated and participatory approach. Current urban water policies are beginning to reflect this understanding yet the rhetoric is often not translated to implementation. Despite the 'new' philosophy, urban water management remains a complex and fragmented area relying on traditional, technical, linear management approaches. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the barriers to change, there has been little systematic review of what constitutes the scope of such barriers and how these should be addressed to advance SUWM. To better understand why implementation fails to occur beyond ad hoc project interventions, an extensive literature review of observed and studied barriers was conducted. Drawing on local, national and international literature from the field of integrated urban water management and other similar fields, 53 studies were assessed, resulting in a typology of 12 barrier types. The analysis revealed the barriers are largely socio-institutional rather than technical, reflecting issues related to community, resources, responsibility, knowledge, vision, commitment and coordination. Furthermore, the meta-analysis demonstrated a paucity of targeted strategies for overcoming the stated institutional barriers. Evaluation of the typology in relation to capacity building suggests that these systemic issues require a sophisticated programme of change that focuses on fostering social capital, inter-sectoral professional development, and inter-organisational coordination.