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      Positive selection of AS3MT to arsenic water in Andean populations

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          Abstract

          Arsenic is a carcinogen associated with skin lesions and cardiovascular diseases. The Colla population from the Puna region in Northwest Argentinean is exposed to levels of arsenic in drinking water exceeding the recommended maximum by a factor of 20. Yet, they thrive in this challenging environment since thousands of years and therefore we hypothesize strong selection signatures in genes involved in arsenic metabolism. We analyzed genome-wide genotype data for 730,000 loci in 25 Collas, considering 24 individuals of the neighbouring Calchaquíes and 24 Wichí from the Gran Chaco region in the Argentine province of Salta as control groups. We identified a strong signal of positive selection in the main arsenic methyltransferase AS3MT gene, which has been previously associated with lower concentrations of the most toxic product of arsenic metabolism monomethylarsonic acid. This study confirms recent studies reporting selection signals in the AS3MT gene albeit using different samples, tests and control populations.

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          Public health. Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water.

          D Kirk Nordstrom (2002)
          Article 0 comments Cited 211 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A novel S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase from rat liver cytosol.

            Chris Thomas, Q Shi, M Herbin … (2002)
            S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet):arsenic(III) methyltransferase, purified from liver cytosol of adult male Fischer 344 rats, catalyzes transfer of a methyl group from AdoMet to trivalent arsenicals producing methylated and dimethylated arsenicals. The kinetics of production of methylated arsenicals in reaction mixtures containing enzyme, AdoMet, dithiothreitol, glutathione (GSH), and arsenite are consistent with a scheme in which monomethylated arsenical produced from arsenite is the substrate for a second methylation reaction that yields dimethylated arsenical. The mRNA for this protein predicts a 369-amino acid residue protein (molecular mass 41056) that contains common methyltransferase sequence motifs. Its sequence is similar to Cyt19, a putative methyltransferase, expressed in human and mouse tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detects S-adenosyl-l-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase mRNA in rat tissues and in HepG2 cells, a human cell line that methylates arsenite and methylarsonous acid. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase mRNA is not detected in UROtsa cells, an immortalized human urothelial cell line that does not methylate arsenite. Because methylation of arsenic is a critical feature of its metabolism, characterization of this enzyme will improve our understanding of this metalloid's metabolism and its actions as a toxin and a carcinogen.
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              Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: recent human findings.

              Adrian Smith, C Steinmaus (2008)
              Even at high concentrations, arsenic-contaminated water is translucent, tasteless, and odorless. Yet almost every day, studies report a continually increasing plethora of toxic effects that have manifested in exposed populations throughout the world. In this article we focus on recent findings, in particular those associated with major contributions since 2006. Early life exposure, both in utero and in childhood, has been receiving increased attention, and remarkable increases in consequent mortality in young adults have been reported. New studies address the dose-response relationship between drinking-water arsenic concentrations and skin lesions, and new findings have emerged concerning arsenic and cardiovascular disease. We also review the increasing epidemiological evidence that the first step of methylation of inorganic arsenic to monomethylated arsenic (MMA) is actually an activation step rather than the first step in detoxification, as once thought. Hexavalent chromium differs from arsenic in that it discolors water, turning the water yellow at high concentrations. A controversial issue is whether chromium causes cancer when ingested. A recent publication supports the original findings in China of increased cancer mortality in a population where well water turned yellow with chromium.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 0400763
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 5976
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mutat Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mutat. Res.
                Title: Mutation research
                ISSN (Print): 0027-5107
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-135X
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 2 June 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 July 2015
                Publication date (Print): October 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 07 June 2016
                Volume: 780
                Pages: 97-102
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, Cambridgeshire, UK
                [b ]Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, Lancashire, UK
                [c ]Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 ISA, Cambridgeshire, UK
                [d ]Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, 69126 Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
                [e ]Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 4NR, Hampshire, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, 69126 Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
                [** ]Corresponding author at: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 4NR, Hampshire, UK. Christina.Eichstaedt@ 123456med.uni-heidelberg.de (C.A. Eichstaedt), Maru.Mormina@ 123456winchester.ac.uk (M. Mormina).
                Article
                Manuscript ID: EMS66932
                DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.07.007
                PMC ID: 4896383
                PubMed ID: 26366667
                SO-VID: 23f4355b-55a9-48dc-9ed8-4668aac2320a
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Keywords: arsenic drinking water,collas,puna,methyltransferase,calchaquíes
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Keywords: arsenic drinking water, collas, puna, methyltransferase, calchaquíes

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