Mortality and years of life lost by colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil (1990–2015): Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study

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Abstract

Introduction

The aims of this study were to estimate all-cause and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost, investigated by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), due to colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil and in the states; to analyze the temporal trend of these estimates over 25 years (1990–2015) compared with global estimates and according to the socioeconomic status of states of Brazil.

Methods

Databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) for Brazil, Brazilian states and global information were used. It was estimated the total number and the age-standardized rates of deaths and DALYs for colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in the years 1990 and 2015. We used the Socioeconomic Development Index (SDI).

Results

Physical inactivity was responsible for a substantial number of deaths (1990: 1,302; 2015: 119,351) and DALYs (1990: 31,121; 2015: 87,116) due to colorectal cancer in Brazil. From 1990 to 2015, the mortality and DALYs due to colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity increased in Brazil (0.6% and 0.6%, respectively) and decreased around the world (-0.8% and -1.1%, respectively). The Brazilian states with better socioeconomic indicators had higher rates of mortality and morbidity by colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity (p<0.01). Physical inactivity was responsible for deaths and DALYs due to colorectal cancer in Brazil.

Conclusions

Over 25 years, the Brazilian population showed more worrisome results than around the world. Actions to combat physical inactivity and greater cancer screening and treatment are urgent in the Brazilian states.

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Algorithms for enhancing public health utility of national causes-of-death data

Mohsen Naghavi, Susanna Makela, Kyle Foreman … (2010)

Background Coverage and quality of cause-of-death (CoD) data varies across countries and time. Valid, reliable, and comparable assessments of trends in causes of death from even the best systems are limited by three problems: a) changes in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) over time; b) the use of tabulation lists where substantial detail on causes of death is lost; and c) many deaths assigned to causes that cannot or should not be considered underlying causes of death, often called garbage codes (GCs). The Global Burden of Disease Study and the World Health Organization have developed various methods to enhance comparability of CoD data. In this study, we attempt to build on these approaches to enhance the utility of national cause-of-death data for public health analysis. Methods Based on careful consideration of 4,434 country-years of CoD data from 145 countries from 1901 to 2008, encompassing 743 million deaths in ICD versions 1 to 10 as well as country-specific cause lists, we have developed a public health-oriented cause-of-death list. These 56 causes are organized hierarchically and encompass all deaths. Each cause has been mapped from ICD-6 to ICD-10 and, where possible, they have also been mapped to the International List of Causes of Death 1-5. We developed a typology of different classes of GCs. In each ICD revision, GCs have been identified. Target causes to which these GCs should be redistributed have been identified based on certification practice and/or pathophysiology. Proportionate redistribution, statistical models, and expert algorithms have been developed to redistribute GCs to target codes for each age-sex group. Results The fraction of all deaths assigned to GCs varies tremendously across countries and revisions of the ICD. In general, across all country-years of data available, GCs have declined from more than 43% in ICD-7 to 24% in ICD-10. In some regions, such as Australasia, GCs in 2005 are as low as 11%, while in some developing countries, such as Thailand, they are greater than 50%. Across different age groups, the composition of GCs varies tremendously - three classes of GCs steadily increase with age, but ambiguous codes within a particular disease chapter are also common for injuries at younger ages. The impact of redistribution is to change the number of deaths assigned to particular causes for a given age-sex group. These changes alter ranks across countries for any given year by a number of different causes, change time trends, and alter the rank order of causes within a country. Conclusions By mapping CoD through different ICD versions and redistributing GCs, we believe the public health utility of CoD data can be substantially enhanced, leading to an increased demand for higher quality CoD data from health sector decision-makers.

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Exclusion of Kaposi Sarcoma From Analysis of Cancer Burden—Reply

Mohsen Naghavi, Christina Fitzmaurice (2017)

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Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence.

Scott M Lippman, Jacqueline Kerr, Cheryl Anderson (2017)

The lifestyle factors of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and diet are increasingly being studied for their associations with cancer. Physical activity is inversely associated with and sedentary behaviour is positively (and independently) associated with an increased risk of more than ten types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (and advanced adenomas), endometrial cancers, and breast cancer. The most consistent dietary risk factor for premalignant and invasive breast cancer is alcohol, whether consumed during early or late adult life, even at low levels. Epidemiological studies show that the inclusion of wholegrain, fibre, fruits, and vegetables within diets are associated with reduced cancer risk, with diet during early life (age <8 years) having the strongest apparent association with cancer incidence. However, randomised controlled trials of diet-related factors have not yet shown any conclusive associations between diet and cancer incidence. Obesity is a key contributory factor associated with cancer risk and mortality, including in dose-response associations in endometrial and post-menopausal breast cancer, and in degree and duration of fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity produces an inflammatory state, characterised by macrophages clustered around enlarged hypertrophied, dead, and dying adipocytes, forming crown-like structures. Increased concentrations of aromatase and interleukin 6 in inflamed breast tissue and an increased number of macrophages, compared with healthy tissue, are also observed in women with normal body mass index, suggesting a metabolic obesity state. Emerging randomised controlled trials of physical activity and dietary factors and mechanistic studies of immunity, inflammation, extracellular matrix mechanics, epigenetic or transcriptional regulation, protein translation, circadian disruption, and interactions of the multibiome with lifestyle factors will be crucial to advance this field.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Diego Augusto Santos Silva:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-7906

Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Mark Stephen Tremblay: Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Maria de Fatima Marinho de Souza: Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Meghan Mooney: Role: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Mohsen Naghavi: Role: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Deborah Carvalho Malta: Role: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Omid Beiki: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 1 February 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 13

Issue: 2

Affiliations

[1 ] Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil

[2 ] Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

[3 ] Department of Surveillance of Noncommunicable Diseases, and Injuries, and Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Brasília, DF, Brazil

[4 ] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United Sates of America

[5 ] Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Karolinska Institutet, SWEDEN

Author notes

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

* E-mail: diegoaugustoss@ 123456yahoo.com.br

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-36979

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190943

PMC ID: 5794056

PubMed ID: 29390002

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Page count

Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 14

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Funding

Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000865, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation;

Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006506, Ministério da Saúde;

The author (DASS and DCM) thanks the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development from Brazil for the research grant (PQ). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (GBD Global) and Ministry of Health from Brazil (GBD 2015 Brazil-states; Process No. 25000192049/2014-14). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Mortality and years of life lost by colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil (1990–2015): Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study

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Most cited references 17

Algorithms for enhancing public health utility of national causes-of-death data

Exclusion of Kaposi Sarcoma From Analysis of Cancer Burden—Reply

Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence.

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