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      Diseño y validación de la escala para valorar la fragilidad de los pacientes crónicos Translated title: Design and validation of the scale to assess the fragility of chronic patients

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          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Crear una escala y herramienta que nos permita medir la fragilidad del paciente crónico.

          Diseño

          Estudio observacional sobre crónicos del área.

          Emplazamiento

          Se ha realizado entre enero de 2011 a diciembre 2015, una población de 2.108 individuos. Los datos se recogieron de la historia clínica y aplicación expresa para el registro de los pacientes frágiles, sobre hoja estructurada de recogida de datos.

          Participantes

          Sujetos frágiles del área Sanitaria Norte de Málaga.

          Intervención

          Diseño y validación de una escala.

          Mediciones principales

          Variable principal de resultado: escala de fragilidad Antequera (EPADI) constituida por seis criterios/factores valorables: edad, Pfeiffer, Barthell, Charlson, sociofamiliar y pluripatológico.

          Las variables de resultados en accesibilidad se utilizaron como variables de predicción.

          Las variables cuantitativas se describen mediante la media y desviación estándar. Las variables cualitativas las presentamos en frecuencias junto con sus porcentajes. Para obtener un modelo de predicción de la utilización de recursos la muestra se dividió en dos sub-muestras de igual tamaño.

          Resultados

          A partir de las variables de interés por expertos, se identificaron predictores univariantes en la utilización de recursos en la muestra M_EPADI1, para construir un modelo de regresión logística multivariante que permita predecir la utilización de recursos. Para la validación de la escala se utilizó la muestra M_EPADI2.

          Conclusiones

          Se ha podido comprobar que los criterios utilizados en nuestra escala son adecuados para definir la fragilidad, por lo tanto la escala EPADI valora perfectamente el grado de fragilidad de los usuarios crónicos en base a los recursos consumidos.

          Translated abstract

          Objective

          To create a scale and tool that allows us to measure the fragility of the chronic patient.

          Design

          Observational study on the area's chronicles.

          Location

          Between January 2011 and December 2015, a population of 2108 individuals. Data were collected from the medical history and expressed application for the registration of fragile patients, on structured data collection sheet.

          Participants

          Fragile subjects of the North Sanitary Area of Malaga.

          Intervention

          Design and validation of a scale.

          Main measurements

          Study variables. Main outcome variable: Antequera Fragility Scale (EPADI) consisting of five criteria / factors: age, Pfeiffer, Barthell, Charlson, sociofamiliar and pluripatological.

          Accessibility outcome variables were used as prediction variables.

          Quantitative variables are described by mean and standard deviation. The qualitative variables are presented in frequencies along with their percentages. To obtain a predictive model of resource utilization the sample was divided into two subsamples of equal size.

          Results

          From the variables of interest by experts, univariate predictors were identified in the use of resources in the sample M_EPADI1, to construct a model of multivariate logistic regression that allows to predict the resource utilization. For the validation of the scale, the sample M_EPADI2 was used.

          Conclusions

          It was verified that the criteria used in our scale are adequate to define the fragility, therefore the EPADI scale perfectly values the degree of fragility of chronic users based on the resources consumed. Conclusions: It has been verified that the criteria used in our scale are adequate to define the fragility, therefore the EPADI scale perfectly evaluates the degree of fragility of chronic users based on the resources consumed.

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          Most cited references14

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          Hospital admission risk profile (HARP): identifying older patients at risk for functional decline following acute medical illness and hospitalization.

          To develop and validate an instrument for stratifying older patients at the time of hospital admission according to their risk of developing new disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL) following acute medical illness and hospitalization. Multi-center prospective cohort study. Four university and two private non-federal acute care hospitals. The development cohort consists of 448 patients and the validation cohort consists of 379 patients who were aged 70 and older and who were hospitalized for acute medical illness between 1989 and 1992. All patients were evaluated on hospital admission to identify baseline demographic and functional characteristics and were then assessed at discharge and 3 months after discharge to determine decline in ADL functioning. Logistic regression analysis identified three patient characteristics that were independent predictors of functional decline in the development cohort: increasing age, lower admission Mini-Mental Status Exam scores, and lower preadmission IADL function. A scoring system was developed for each predictor variable and patients were assigned to low, intermediate, and high risk categories. The rates of ADL decline at discharge for the low, intermediate, and high risk categories were 17%, 28%, and 56% in the development cohort and 19%, 31%, and 55% in the validation cohort, respectively. Patients in the low risk category were significantly more likely to recover ADL function and to avoid nursing home placement during the 3 months after discharge. Hospital Admission Risk Profile (HARP) is a simple instrument that can be used to identify patients at risk of functional decline following hospitalization. HARP can be used to identify patients who might benefit from comprehensive discharge planning, specialized geriatric care, and experimental interventions designed to prevent/reduce the development of disability in hospitalized older populations.
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            Medication errors: what they are, how they happen, and how to avoid them.

            A medication error is a failure in the treatment process that leads to, or has the potential to lead to, harm to the patient. Medication errors can occur in deciding which medicine and dosage regimen to use (prescribing faults--irrational, inappropriate, and ineffective prescribing, underprescribing, overprescribing); writing the prescription (prescription errors); manufacturing the formulation (wrong strength, contaminants or adulterants, wrong or misleading packaging); dispensing the formulation (wrong drug, wrong formulation, wrong label); administering or taking the medicine (wrong dose, wrong route, wrong frequency, wrong duration); monitoring therapy (failing to alter therapy when required, erroneous alteration). They can be classified, using a psychological classification of errors, as knowledge-, rule-, action- and memory-based errors. Although medication errors can occasionally be serious, they are not commonly so and are often trivial. However, it is important to detect them, since system failures that result in minor errors can later lead to serious errors. Reporting of errors should be encouraged by creating a blame-free, non-punitive environment. Errors in prescribing include irrational, inappropriate, and ineffective prescribing, underprescribing and overprescribing (collectively called prescribing faults) and errors in writing the prescription (including illegibility). Avoiding medication errors is important in balanced prescribing, which is the use of a medicine that is appropriate to the patient's condition and, within the limits created by the uncertainty that attends therapeutic decisions, in a dosage regimen that optimizes the balance of benefit to harm. In balanced prescribing the mechanism of action of the drug should be married to the pathophysiology of the disease.
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              Errores de medicación y gestión de riesgos

              El riesgo de la asistencia sanitaria en general, especialmente el motivado por los errores de medicación, es un grave problema con gran repercusión humana, asistencial y económica, que está siendo abordado de forma prioritaria por las autoridades sanitarias de algunos países. Sin embargo, en España no se ha tomado conciencia de su trascendencia, aunque su magnitud en nuestro país sea similar a la de los países de su entorno. Las actividades de los gestores de riesgos en los centros sanitarios están evolucionando, adoptando una actitud más preventiva y anticipativa, que supone la colaboración con otros profesionales sanitarios en el desarrollo de programas de prevención de riesgos, entre ellos los de prevención de errores de medicación. En este artículo se describen los principales fundamentos de las estrategias de mejora de la seguridad y se expone el esquema de un programa de gestión de riesgos aplicado a la prevención de los errores de medicación a nivel hospitalario. En resumen, se postula que los gestores de riesgos formen parte de un equipo que debe analizar las causas de los incidentes que se producen, utilizar la información para implantar acciones de mejora, e introducir los principios de gestión de riesgos de una forma integral en las actividades y en la cultura de las organizaciones para, en definitiva, crear y mantener cambios significativos en los sistemas que mejoren la calidad de la prestación de servicios sanitarios y la seguridad de los pacientes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Aten Primaria
                Aten Primaria
                Atencion Primaria
                Elsevier
                0212-6567
                1578-1275
                21 October 2018
                October 2019
                21 October 2018
                : 51
                : 8
                : 486-493
                Affiliations
                [a ]Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Archidona, Área Sanitaria Norte de Málaga, Archidona, Málaga, España
                [b ]Atención primaria, Área Sanitaria Norte de Málaga, Málaga, España
                [c ]Cuidados Paliativos, Área Sanitaria Norte de Málaga, Málaga, España
                [d ]Miembro del grupo de investigación en Cuidados de Málaga IBIMA AE-20 INVESCUIDA
                [e ]Miembro de la Red de Investigación al Final de la Vida (Red-Eol)
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia. antonionunezmontenegro@ 123456gmail.com
                [◊]

                Los nombres de los componentes del grupo EPADI están relacionados en el Anexo 1.

                Article
                S0212-6567(17)30379-7
                10.1016/j.aprim.2018.06.002
                6837145
                30352702
                2423af1b-a625-4c64-9122-f6f35fa47d0b
                © 2018 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 6 June 2017
                : 4 June 2018
                Categories
                Originales

                crónico,frágil,complejo,escala,validación,clasificación,chronic,fragile,complex,scale,validation,classification

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