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      Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device

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          Abstract

          Prior to implementation of volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in clinical practice, substantial challenges, including methodological, biological and analytical difficulties are faced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of several sampling conditions and environmental factors on fecal VOC profiles, analyzed by an electronic nose (eNose). Effects of fecal sample mass, water content, duration of storage at room temperature, fecal sample temperature, number of freeze–thaw cycles and effect of sampling method (rectal swabs vs. fecal samples) on VOC profiles were assessed by analysis of totally 725 fecal samples by means of an eNose (Cyranose320 ®). Furthermore, fecal VOC profiles of totally 1285 fecal samples from 71 infants born at three different hospitals were compared to assess the influence of center of origin on VOC outcome. We observed that all analyzed variables significantly influenced fecal VOC composition. It was feasible to capture a VOC profile using rectal swabs, although this differed significantly from fecal VOC profiles of similar subjects. In addition, 1285 fecal VOC-profiles could significantly be discriminated based on center of birth. In conclusion, standardization of methodology is necessary before fecal VOC analysis can live up to its potential as diagnostic tool in clinical practice.

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          Electronic nose: current status and future trends.

          Frank Röck, Nicolae Barsan, Udo Weimar (2008)
          Article 0 comments Cited 280 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose.

            Krishna Persaud, George Dodd (1982)
            Olfaction exhibits both high sensitivity for odours and high discrimination between them. We suggest that to make fine discriminations between complex odorant mixtures containing varying ratios of odorants without the necessity for highly specialized peripheral receptors, the olfactory systems makes use of feature detection using broadly tuned receptor cells organized in a convergent neurone pathway. As a test of this hypothesis we have constructed an electronic nose using semiconductor transducers and incorporating design features suggested by our proposal. We report here that this device can reproducibly discriminate between a wide variety of odours, and its properties show that discrimination in an olfactory system could be achieved without the use of highly specific receptors.
            Article 0 comments Cited 275 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound metabolome in obese humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

              Maitreyi Raman, Iftikhar Ahmed, Patrick Gillevet … (2013)
              The histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is similar to that of alcoholic liver disease. Colonic bacteria are a source of many metabolic products, including ethanol and other volatile organic compounds (VOC) that may have toxic effects on the human host after intestinal absorption and delivery to the liver via the portal vein. Recent data suggest that the composition of the gut microbiota in obese human beings is different from that of healthy-weight individuals. The aim of this study was to compare the colonic microbiome and VOC metabolome of obese NAFLD patients (n = 30) with healthy controls (n = 30). Multitag pyrosequencing was used to characterize the fecal microbiota. Fecal VOC profiles were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. There were statistically significant differences in liver biochemistry and metabolic parameters in NAFLD. Deep sequencing of the fecal microbiome revealed over-representation of Lactobacillus species and selected members of phylum Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae; genera, Dorea, Robinsoniella, and Roseburia) in NAFLD patients, which was statistically significant. One member of phylum Firmicutes was under-represented significantly in the fecal microbiome of NAFLD patients (Ruminococcaceae; genus, Oscillibacter). Fecal VOC profiles of the 2 patient groups were different, with a significant increase in fecal ester compounds observed in NAFLD patients. A significant increase in fecal ester VOC is associated with compositional shifts in the microbiome of obese NAFLD patients. These novel bacterial metabolomic and metagenomic factors are implicated in the etiology and complications of obesity. Copyright © 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Woosuck Shin: Role: Academic Editor
                Toshio Itoh: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 November 2016
                Publication date Collection: November 2016
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1967
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; m.a.benninga@ 123456amc.uva.nl
                [2 ]Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; r.m.van.stein@ 123456student.vu.nl (R.M.v.S.); t.demeij@ 123456vumc.nl (T.G.J.d.M.)
                [3 ]Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; p.brinkman@ 123456amc.uva.nl
                [4 ]Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Máxima Medical Center, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands; Hendrik.Niemarkt@ 123456mmc.nl
                [5 ]Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KHN.deBoer@ 123456vumc.nl
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: d.berkhout@ 123456vumc.nl ; Tel.: +31-20-444-4444; Fax: +31-20-444-8048
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-16-01967
                DOI: 10.3390/s16111967
                PMC ID: 5134625
                PubMed ID: 27886068
                SO-VID: 24689d04-4f47-43e9-a8bd-49f5506253b4
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 06 August 2016
                Date accepted : 17 November 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: electronic nose,cyranose320®,standardization,volatile organic compound,feces,sampling conditions,smell
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: electronic nose, cyranose320®, standardization, volatile organic compound, feces, sampling conditions, smell

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