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      Costs Associated With Intravenous Darbepoetin Versus Epoetin Therapy in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Anemia of chronic kidney disease is associated with adverse outcomes and a reduced quality of life. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have improved anemia management, and 2 agents are available in Canada, epoetin alfa (EPO) and darbepoetin alfa (DA). EPO and DA are considered equally effective in achieving target hemoglobin (Hb), but it is not clear whether there is a cost difference. There have been few head-to-head comparisons; most published studies are observational switch studies.

          Objective:

          To compare the cost of DA and EPO and to determine the dose conversion ratio over a 12-month period.

          Design:

          Randomized controlled trial.

          Setting:

          Canadian outpatient hemodialysis center.

          Patients:

          Eligible patients were adult hemodialysis patients requiring ESA therapy.

          Measurements:

          The primary outcome was ESA cost (Can$) per patient over 12 months. Secondary outcomes included the dose conversion ratio, deviation from target ranges in anemia indices, iron dose and cost, and time and number of dose changes.

          Methods:

          An open-label randomized controlled trial of intravenous (IV) DA versus EPO was conducted in 50 hemodialysis patients. Participants underwent a minimum 6-week run-in phase followed by a 12-month active study phase. ESA and iron were dosed using a study algorithm.

          Results:

          The median cost was $4179 (interquartile range [IQR]: $2416-$5955) for EPO and $2303 (IQR: $1178-$4219) for DA with a difference of $1876 ( P = .02). The dose conversion ratio was 280:1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 197-362:1) at the end of the run-in phase, 360:1 (95% CI: 262-457:1) at the 3-month point of the active phase, and 382:1 (95% CI: 235-529:1) at the 6-month point of the active phase. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in weekly iron dose, Hb, serum ferritin, or transferrin saturation. The number of dose changes and the time to Hb stability were similar.

          Limitations:

          Results may not be generalizable to hemodialysis units without algorithm-based anemia management, with subcutaneous ESA administration, or to the nondialysis chronic kidney disease population. The effective conversion ratio between EPO and DA is known to increase at higher doses; the Hb targets used in the study were slightly higher than those recommended today so it is possible that the doses used were also higher. Because of this, the cost savings estimated for DA could differ somewhat from the savings realizable in current practice.

          Conclusions:

          In this study of hemodialysis patients with comparable anemia management, IV DA cost $1876 less per year per patient than IV EPO. The dose conversion ratio was greater than 350:1 by the 3-month point.

          Trial registration:

          ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02817555).

          Abrégé

          Contexte:

          L’anémie qui résulte de l’insuffisance rénale chronique est associée à des conséquences défavorables sur la santé du patient et par conséquent, à une diminution de sa qualité de vie. Le recours à des agents stimulants l’érythropoïèse (ASE) a permis d’améliorer considérablement le traitement de ce type d’anémie. Deux de ces agents sont disponibles au Canada: l’époétine alfa (EPO) et la darbépoétine alfa (DA). L’efficacité de ces deux molécules à cibler l’hémoglobine (Hb) est considérée comme équivalente, mais la différence de coût de leur utilisation reste à déterminer. Il existe très peu d’études de comparaison directe entre l’EPO et la DA, et la plupart des études publiées consistent en des études observationnelles de transition.

          Objectifs de l’étude:

          Comparer les coûts d’utilisation de la DA et de l’EPO et déterminer le ratio de conversion de dose sur une période de 12 mois.

          Type d’étude:

          Il s’agit d’un essai contrôlé randomisé.

          Cadre de l’étude:

          Un centre d’hémodialyse ambulatoire canadien.

          Patients:

          Les patients admissibles étaient des patients adultes sous hémodialyse et nécessitant un traitement par les ASE.

          Mesures:

          Le principal critère évalué était le coût (en dollars canadiens) d’un traitement par les ASE pour chaque patient sur une période de 12 mois. Parmi les résultats secondaires figuraient le ratio de conversion de dose, l’écart de déviation par rapport à la cible pour les indicateurs de l’anémie, la dose de fer et son coût, de même que le temps de stabilisation de la dose et le nombre de changements de dose.

          Méthodologie:

          Un essai ouvert, contrôlé et randomisé a été mené auprès de 50 patients en hémodialyse afin de comparer les traitements intraveineux (IV) par la DA et l’EPO. Les participants ont été suivis pour une phase préalable d’une durée minimale de six semaines avant la phase de l’étude active qui s’est étalée sur 12 mois. Les doses de l’ASE et du fer ont été établies à partir d’un algorithme.

          Résultats:

          Le coût médian était de 4 179 $ (Écart interquartile: 2 416 à 5 955 $) pour l’EPO et de 2 303 $ (EI: 1 178 à 4 219 $) pour la DA, soit une différence de 1 876 $ ( P = 0,02). Le ratio de conversion de dose était de 280:1 (IC95: 197:1-362:1) à la fin de la phase préalable, de 360:1 (IC à 95%: 262:1-457:1) après trois mois écoulés dans la phase active et de 382:1 (IC95: 235:1-529:1) après 6 mois de phase active. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les deux groupes en ce qui concerne les doses hebdomadaires de fer, les taux d’hémoglobine et de ferritine sérique ou le coefficient de la saturation de la transferrine (TSAT). Enfin, le nombre de modifications de la dose et le temps de stabilisation de l’hémoglobine se sont avérés similaires.

          Limites de l’étude:

          Il est possible que l’on ne puisse étendre ces résultats aux unités d’hémodialyse où la gestion de l’anémie ne repose pas sur un algorithme. Il est également hasardeux de généraliser ces résultats aux cas où les traitements par un ASE sont administrés par voie sous-cutanée, de même qu’au sein d’une population de patients non-dialysés. Il est connu que le ratio de conversion optimal entre l’EPO et la DA augmente pour les doses élevées. De plus, les cibles d’hémoglobine utilisées dans l’étude étaient légèrement supérieures à celles qui sont recommandées aujourd’hui, il est donc possible que les doses utilisées aient été elles aussi plus élevées. Par conséquent, les économies estimées pour l’administration de DA pourraient différer légèrement des économies réalisables dans la pratique courante.

          Conclusions:

          Cette étude, réalisée auprès de patients hémodialysés dont les traitements de l’anémie par voie intraveineuse étaient comparables, conclut que l’utilisation de la DA permet une économie annuelle de 1 876 $ par rapport à l’utilisation de l’EPO. De plus, le ratio de conversion de dose s’est avéré supérieur à 350:1 après trois mois écoulés dans la phase active de l’étude.

          Related collections

          Most cited references36

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
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          Randomized, controlled trial of darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients.

          Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA) is a new erythropoiesis-stimulating protein with a threefold longer terminal half-life than recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study is to determine whether darbepoetin alfa is as effective as epoetin for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients when administered at a reduced dosing frequency. Patients receiving epoetin therapy were randomized to continue epoetin administered intravenously (IV) three times weekly (n = 338) or change to darbepoetin alfa administered IV once weekly (n = 169). The dose of darbepoetin alfa or epoetin was individually titrated to maintain hemoglobin concentrations within -1.0 to +1.5 g/dL (-10 to +15 g/L) of patients' baseline values and within a range of 9.0 to 13.0 g/dL (90 to 130 g/L) for up to 28 weeks (20-week dose-titration period followed by an 8-week evaluation period). The primary end point was change in hemoglobin level between baseline and the evaluation period (weeks 21 to 28). Mean changes in hemoglobin levels from baseline to the evaluation period were 0.24 +/- 0.10 (SE) g/dL (2.4 +/- 1.0 g/L) in the darbepoetin alfa group and 0.11 +/- 0.07 g/dL (1.1 +/- 0.7 g/L) in the epoetin group, a difference of 0.13 g/dL (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.08 +/- 0.33 [1.3 g/L; 95% CI, -0.8 to 3.3]). This difference was not statistically significant or clinically relevant despite the reduced frequency of darbepoetin alfa administration. The safety profile of darbepoetin alfa was similar to that of epoetin, and no antibody formation to either treatment was detected. These results show that darbepoetin alfa maintains hemoglobin concentrations as effectively and safely as epoetin in patients with CKD, but with a reduced dosing frequency. Copyright 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
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            • Article: not found

            Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for treatment of anemia in chronic renal insufficiency.

            Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP) is a glycoprotein with a threefold longer terminal half-life than recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether NESP is effective for the treatment of anemia at a reduced dosing frequency relative to rHuEPO in patients with chronic renal failure not yet on dialysis [chronic renal insufficiency (CRI)]. This was a multicenter, randomized, open-label study. A total of 166 rHuEPO-naive patients with CRI were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to receive NESP (0.45 microg/kg once weekly) or rHuEPO (50 U/kg twice weekly) administered subcutaneously for up to 24 weeks. Dose adjustments were made as necessary to achieve a hemoglobin response, defined as an increase > or =1.0 g/dL from baseline and a concentration > or = 11.0 g/dL. During the 24-week treatment period, 93% (95% CI, 87 to 97%) of patients receiving NESP and 92% (95% CI, 78 to 98%) of patients receiving rHuEPO achieved a hemoglobin response. The median time to response was seven weeks (range of 3 to 25 weeks) in both groups. After correction of anemia, mean hemoglobin concentrations were maintained within the target range of 11.0 to 13.0 g/dL for the remainder of the 24-week treatment period. The safety profiles of NESP and rHuEPO were similar, and no antibodies were detected to either drug. These results demonstrate that NESP safely and effectively corrects and maintains hemoglobin concentrations at a reduced dosing frequency relative to rHuEPO in patients with CRI, providing a potential benefit to patients and health care providers.
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              • Article: not found

              Canadian Society of Nephrology commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in CKD.

              The KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) 2012 clinical practice guideline for anemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease provides the structural and evidence base for the Canadian Society of Nephrology commentary on this guideline's relevancy and application to the Canadian health care system. While in general agreement, we provide commentary on 11 of the 61 KDIGO guideline statements. Specifically, we agreed that a therapeutic trial of iron is appropriate in cases in which a reduction in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) dosage or avoidance of ESA and transfusion is desired, transferrin saturations are >30%, and ferritin concentrations are >500 μg/L. However, we concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support an upper target or threshold for ferritin and transferrin saturation levels. We agree with the initiation of ESA treatment when hemoglobin (Hb) level is 90-100 g/L; however, we specifically state that an acceptable range for Hb level is 95-115 g/L, with a target of 100-110 g/L, and add caution to individualization above this range due to concerns regarding the safety of ESAs. We agree that ESAs should be used with considerable caution in patients with active malignancy, history of stroke, or history of malignancy, and we suggest initiating ESA therapy at Hb level of 90 g/L and to aim for a Hb level in the range of 90-105 g/L. The reader is encouraged to note the level of evidence and review the entire KDIGO anemia guideline to interpret the guideline statements and commentary appropriately.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                30 June 2017
                2017
                : 4
                : 2054358117716461
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pharmacy Department, Eastern Health, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
                [2 ]Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Andrea L. Woodland, Pharmacy Department, Eastern Health, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1B 3V6. Email: andrea.woodland@ 123456easternhealth.ca
                Article
                10.1177_2054358117716461
                10.1177/2054358117716461
                5502937
                28717516
                247292f9-9017-48b2-8b5c-30d0204529a8
                © The Author(s) 2017

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 1 November 2016
                : 6 April 2017
                Categories
                Original Research Article
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2017

                anemia,drugs and dialysis,erythropoiesis-stimulating agent,darbepoetin alfa,epoetin alfa

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