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      Evaluación y enfoque diagnóstico del paciente no diabético con hipoglucemia

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          Abstract

          La glucosa es un metabolito esencial para el mantenimiento de la energía celular, constituye la principal fuente de energía para el sistema nervioso central (SNC), el cual consume del 60-80% del total de la glucosa producida por el hígado en un adulto y del 80-100% en el recién nacido. La hipoglucemia resulta de la pérdida del equilibrio entre el aporte y el consumo de glucosa. Puede ser secundaria a la carencia de sustrato, al excesivo consumo periférico de glucosa, a carencias hormonales y/o alteraciones de las diversas vías enzimáticas en el metabolismo de la glucosa, lípidos o aminoácidos. La hipoglucemia es el trastorno metabólico más frecuente en la edad pediátrica y por sus posibles repercusiones sobre el desarrollo del sistema nervioso, constituye una verdadera urgencia. Se define como la concentración de glucosa en sangre venosa inferior a 45 mg/dL en todas las edades, incluido el período neonatal. Las causas de hipoglucemia varían según la edad de presentación y la naturaleza transitoria o permanente de la misma. Dado el impacto de las bajas concentraciones de glucosa plasmática sobre el SNC es relevante el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno. En esta revisión se presenta la etiopatogenia de la hipoglucemia según la edad de presentación, el abordaje diagnóstico y el tratamiento específico para cada una de ellas.

          Translated abstract

          Glucose is an essential metabolite to maintaining cellular energy; it is the main source of energy for the central nervous system (CNS), which consumes 60-80% of the total glucose produced by the liver in an adult and 80-100% in a newborn. Hypoglycemia results from loss of the balance between the supply and the consumption of glucose. It could be secondary to lack of substrate, to excessive consumption of peripheral glucose, to hormonal deficiencies and / or alterations of different enzymatic pathways in the metabolism of glucose, lipids or amino acids. Hypoglycemia is the most common metabolic disorder in children and is a real urgency because of its potential impact on the nervous system development. It is defined as the glucose concentration in venous blood below 45 mg/dL at all ages, including the neonatal period. The causes of hypoglycemia vary according to age of presentation and its transient or permanent nature. Given the impact of low plasma glucose concentrations on the CNS, is relevant to perform an early diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia according to the age of presentation, its diagnostic approach and the specific treatment.

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          Most cited references53

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          Postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants.

          , David Adamkin (2011)
          This report provides a practical guide and algorithm for the screening and subsequent management of neonatal hypoglycemia. Current evidence does not support a specific concentration of glucose that can discriminate normal from abnormal or can potentially result in acute or chronic irreversible neurologic damage. Early identification of the at-risk infant and institution of prophylactic measures to prevent neonatal hypoglycemia are recommended as a pragmatic approach despite the absence of a consistent definition of hypoglycemia in the literature.
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            Controversies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycemia: suggested operational thresholds.

            The definition of clinically significant hypoglycemia remains one of the most confused and contentious issues in contemporary neonatology. In this article, some of the reasons for these contentions are discussed. Pragmatic recommendations for operational thresholds, ie, blood glucose levels at which clinical interventions should be considered, are offered in light of current knowledge to aid health care providers in neonatal medicine. Future areas of research to resolve some of these issues are also presented.
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              Hypoglycemia, functional brain failure, and brain death.

              Hypoglycemia commonly causes brain fuel deprivation, resulting in functional brain failure, which can be corrected by raising plasma glucose concentrations. Rarely, profound hypoglycemia causes brain death that is not the result of fuel deprivation per se. In this issue of the JCI, Suh and colleagues use cell culture and in vivo rodent studies of glucose deprivation and marked hypoglycemia and provide evidence that hypoglycemic brain neuronal death is in fact increased by neuronal NADPH oxidase activation during glucose reperfusion (see the related article beginning on page 910). This finding suggests that, at least in the setting of profound hypoglycemia, therapeutic hyperglycemia should be avoided.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rvdem
                Revista Venezolana de Endocrinología y Metabolismo
                Rev. Venez. Endocrinol. Metab.
                Sociedad Venezolana de Endocrinología y Metabolismo (Mérida )
                1690-3110
                August 2011
                : 9
                : 2
                : 41-53
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes Venezuela
                Article
                S1690-31102011000200003
                24796072-8f06-4067-aeed-fe6eec7bb4c2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1690-3110&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Hypoglycemia,nondiabetic patient,metabolism,Hipoglucemia,paciente no diabético,metabolismo

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