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      Artesanato como ferramenta complementar ao ensino-aprendizagem de Ciências Morfológicas Translated title: Artesanía como herramienta complementaria a la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Ciencias Morfológicas Translated title: Handicraft as a complementary tool for the teaching-learning of Morphological Sciences

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          Abstract

          Resumo: Este artigo objetiva apresentar o artesanato, por meio da técnica de crochê, como ferramenta para o ensino-aprendizagem de Ciências Morfológicas. Os estudantes do primeiro ano do curso de graduação em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Nove de Julho (Uninove) que já possuíam experiência prévia com crochê foram estimulados a criar modelos em lã ou linha, relacionando-os aos conteúdos das aulas teóricas e práticas de Morfofisiologia Animal. Foram produzidos amigurumis representativos de órgãos respiratórios, placentas e órgãos urinários. O referencial teórico da pesquisa foi estruturado nos seguintes pontos: questionamento sobre a possibilidade de se aprender Anatomia fora do laboratório; relação simultânea da Anatomia com a Ciência e a Arte; efeitos de métodos complementares de ensino no desenvolvimento processual e técnico dos alunos e no desenvolvimento cognitivo desses discentes; e paradigma construtivista aplicado ao ensino superior na área da saúde e educação inclusiva de membros da família. Os resultados alcançados reforçam que a melhor maneira de ensinar e aprender Ciências Morfológicas é por meio da combinação de recursos pedagógicos que se complementem, em especial nesses tempos de enfrentamento da covid‐19, quando as aulas em laboratórios foram substituídas por práticas adaptadas em prol do isolamento social. Esta pesquisa, de natureza exploratória, certamente permitiu refletir acerca de “como” ensinar Anatomia de forma alternativa e possibilitar um maior envolvimento dos estudantes no processo de aprendizagem, em tempos de ensino remoto, com base em uma perspectiva construtivista. A ideia construtivista permitiu a inclusão da confecção dos amigurumis para fins de avaliação da aprendizagem em Anatomia, uma vez que os estudantes não foram julgados somente com base em um conhecimento específico, mas, sim, a partir de suas capacidades em resolver o problema da criação das peças anatômicas em domicílio com uma solução viável. Concluiu-se que é possível a criação de modelos sintéticos em crochê de relativa semelhança às peças anatômicas originais. Por fim, o impacto desta pesquisa está no fato de os amigurumis terem sido desenvolvidos com materiais de fácil acesso, textura macia e baixo custo, sendo uma técnica de artesanato em potencial para ser aplicada ao ensino de Ciências Morfológicas.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la artesanía, por medio de la técnica del croché, como herramienta para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las Ciencias Morfológicas. Los alumnos del primer año de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nove de Julho (Uninove) que tenían experiencia previa con el croché fueron animados por el profesor a crear modelos en lana o hilo, relacionándolos con los contenidos de las clases teóricas y prácticas de Morfofisiología Animal. Se produjeron amigurumis representativos de órganos respiratorios, placentas y órganos urinarios. El marco teórico de esta investigación se estructuró en los siguientes puntos: cuestionamiento de la posibilidad de aprender Anatomía fuera del laboratorio, relación simultánea de la Anatomía con la Ciencia y el Arte, efectos de los métodos de enseñanza complementarios al desarrollo procedimental y técnico de los estudiantes y el desarrollo cognitivo de estos estudiantes, paradigma constructivista aplicado a la educación superior en el área de la salud y la educación inclusiva para los miembros de la familia. Los resultados alcanzados refuerzan que la mejor manera de enseñar y aprender Ciencias Morfológicas es por medio de la combinación de recursos pedagógicos que se complementen, especialmente en estos tiempos de enfrentamiento en la covid-19, cuando las clases en los laboratorios fueron reemplazadas por prácticas adaptadas para el aislamiento social necesario. Esta investigación exploratoria, ciertamente, nos permitió reflexionar sobre “cómo” enseñar Anatomía de forma alternativa y proveer una mayor implicación de los estudiantes en el proceso de aprendizaje, en tiempos de educación a distancia, desde una perspectiva constructivista. La idea constructivista permitió la inclusión de la confección de amigurumis con el propósito de evaluar aprendizajes en Anatomía, ya que los estudiantes no eran juzgados solo con base en conocimientos específicos, sino en función de su capacidad para resolver el problema de crear las partes anatómicas con una solución viable. Concluimos que es posible crear modelos de croché sintéticos de relativa similitud con las piezas anatómicas originales. Finalmente, el impacto de esta investigación está en el hecho de que los amigurumi fueron desarrollados con materiales de fácil acceso, textura suave y bajo costo, siendo una técnica artesanal potencial para ser aplicada a la enseñanza de las Ciencias Morfológicas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: This paper aims at presenting handicrafts, using crochet technique, as a tool for teaching-learning of Morphological Sciences. First year undergraduate students of Veterinary Medicine at Nove de Julho University (Uninove) with previous experience in crochet were encouraged by a professor to create models in wool or sewing thread, relating them to the contents of theory and practice classes on Animal Morphophysiology. “Amigurumis” representing respiratory organs, placentas and urinary organs were handcrafted. The theoretical framework was structured in the following points: questioning of the possibility of learning Anatomy outside the laboratory; simultaneous relationship between Anatomy and science and art; effects of complementary teaching methods to the procedural and technical development of students and cognitive development of these students; and the constructivist paradigm applied to higher education in the area of health and inclusive education for family members. Results reinforce that the best way to teach and learn Morphological Sciences is through the combination of pedagogical resources that complement each other, especially through covid-19, when classes in laboratories have been replaced by practices adapted to observe social isolation. This exploratory research certainly allowed us to reflect on “how” to teach Anatomy in an alternative way and enable a greater involvement of students in the learning process in times of distance education from a constructivist perspective. The constructivist idea allowed the inclusion of the crafting of amigurumis to assess learning in Anatomy, since students were not judged only based on specific knowledge, but based on their ability to solve the problem of creating the anatomical parts with a viable solution. It concluded that it is possible to create synthetic crochet models with relative similarity to the original anatomical pieces. Finally, the impact of this research is that amigurumis were produced with easily-accessible, soft texture and low-cost materials, being a potential handicraft technique to be applied to Morphological Science teaching.

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          Most cited references41

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          Best teaching practices in anatomy education: A critical review.

          In this report we review the range of teaching resources and strategies used in anatomy education with the aim of coming up with suggestions about the best teaching practices in this area. There is much debate about suitable methods of delivering anatomical knowledge. Competent clinicians, particularly surgeons, need a deep understanding of anatomy for safe clinical procedures. However, because students have had very limited exposure to anatomy during clinical training, there is a concern that medical students are ill-prepared in anatomy when entering clerkships and residency programs. Therefore, developing effective modalities for teaching anatomy is essential to safe medical practice. Cadaver-based instruction has survived as the main instructional tool for hundreds of years, however, there are differing views on whether full cadaver dissection is still appropriate for a modern undergraduate training. The limitations on curricular time, trained anatomy faculty and resources for gross anatomy courses in integrated or/and system-based curricula, have led many medical schools to abandon costly and time-consuming dissection-based instruction in favour of alternative methods of instruction including prosection, medical imaging, living anatomy and multimedia resources. To date, no single teaching tool has been found to meet curriculum requirements. The best way to teach modern anatomy is by combining multiple pedagogical resources to complement one another, students appear to learn more effectively when multimodal and system-based approaches are integrated. Our review suggests that certain professions would have more benefit from certain educational methods or strategies than others. Full body dissection would be best reserved for medical students, especially those with surgical career intentions, while teaching based on prosections and plastination is more suitable for dental, pharmacy and allied health science students. There is a need to direct future research towards evaluation of the suitability of the new teaching methodologies in new curricula and student perceptions of integrated and multimodal teaching paradigms, and the ability of these to satisfy learning outcomes.
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            Guidelines for cognitively efficient multimedia learning tools: educational strategies, cognitive load, and interface design.

            The field of medical education has consistently embraced new technologies in an attempt to improve the training process of our nation's doctors. There are thousands of available multimedia learning tools (MMLTs), but no quantitative scale exists to assess their efficiency and overall educational value. The authors review existing literature and suggest guidelines for creating cognitively efficient medical MMLTs. In 2004, the authors searched PubMed to identify articles regarding mutimedia learning, including educational strategies and existing MMLTs. The primary search terms included "multimedia learning," "cognitive load," and "surgical education." The resulting articles were evaluated and reviewed for educational and interface design techniques, and a list of common features was generated. The authors cross-referenced these features with extensive theories of cognitive load to create a list of methods that demonstrated improved learning. Techniques common to existing MMLTs often neglect to account for theories of cognitive load and may be detrimental to the learning process. The authors outlined important educational considerations and guidelines for the design of effective MMLTs. With large resources being spent to produce MMLTs, more research is necessary to establish successful design techniques. The authors summarized existing research, outlined educational issues in multimedia design, and proposed future directions for study.
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              Unidirectional pulmonary airflow in vertebrates: a review of structure, function, and evolution.

              Mechanisms explaining unidirectional pulmonary airflow in birds, a condition where lung gases flow in a consistent direction during both inspiration and expiration in some parts of the lung, were suggested as early as the first part of the twentieth century and unidirectional pulmonary airflow has been discovered recently in crocodilians and squamates. Our knowledge of the functional anatomy, fluid dynamics, and significance of this trait is reviewed. The preponderance of the data indicates that unidirectional airflow is maintained by means of convective inertia in inspiratory and expiratory aerodynamic valves in birds. The study of flow patterns in non-avian reptiles is just beginning, but inspiratory aerodynamic valving likely also plays an important role in controlling flow direction in these lungs. Although highly efficient counter and cross-current blood-gas exchange arrangements are possible in lungs with unidirectional airflow, very few experiments have investigated blood-gas exchange mechanisms in the bird lung and blood-gas arrangements in the lungs of non-avian reptiles are completely unknown. The presence of unidirectional airflow in non-volant ectotherms voids the traditional hypothesis that this trait evolved to supply the high aerobic demands of flight and endothermy, and there is a need for new scenarios in our understanding of lung evolution. The potential value of unidirectional pulmonary airflow for allowing economic lung gas mixing, facilitating lung gas washout, and providing for adequate gas exchange during hypoxic conditions is discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbeped
                Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos
                Rev. Bras. Estud. Pedagog.
                Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0034-7183
                2176-6681
                April 2022
                : 103
                : 263
                : 221-240
                Affiliations
                [4] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [2] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [3] Jaboticabal São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Brazil miglino@ 123456usp.br
                [1] Lavras Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Lavras Brazil catia.massari@ 123456usp.br
                Article
                S2176-66812022000100221 S2176-6681(22)10326300221
                10.24109/2176-6681.rbep.103i263.4760
                24bb33e0-31f2-40b2-8965-a9eee708242a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 January 2021
                : 14 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Relatos de Experiência

                science teaching,anatomical models,anatomy,modelos anatômicos,ensino de ciências,anatomia,modelos anatómicos,enseñanza de ciencias,anatomía

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