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      Desigualdades socioeconómicas en la salud de la población mayor en España Translated title: Socioeconomic inequalities in health among the elderly population in Spain

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo Examinar las desigualdades socioeconómicas en salud en población mayor en España. Método Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y una revisión de las publicaciones en inglés y español entre los años 2000 y 2017 en Social Science Citation Index, Sociology Database, Scopus, PubMed y Embase. Se incluyeron estudios primarios y secundarios que analizaban dichas desigualdades en España. Dos investigadoras seleccionaron los estudios y extrajeron la información (primer/a autor/a, año de publicación, región, diseño, población/muestra, indicadores socioeconómicos y de salud utilizados, y resultados más relevantes). Resultados Se incluyeron 89 artículos que se correspondían con 87 estudios. El 81,6% de los estudios eran transversales, un 88,5% incluía solo población no institucionalizada y el 35,6% eran de ámbito estatal. Los estudios analizaban desigualdades en los siguientes indicadores de salud: estado funcional (n = 29), morbilidad (n = 19), salud percibida (n = 18), salud mental y emocional (n = 10), estado cognitivo (n = 7), calidad de vida (n = 9), mortalidad (n = 15) y esperanza de vida (n = 2). Se detectaron desigualdades socioeconómicas en todos ellos, si bien la magnitud varió en función de los indicadores socioeconómicos y de salud utilizados. El nivel educativo y los índices ecológicos fueron los que más desigualdades en salud detectaron. El impacto de las desigualdades por sexo fue diferente en el estado funcional, la morbilidad, la salud percibida, la salud mental y emocional, y la mortalidad. Conclusión Existen desigualdades socioeconómicas en salud entre la población mayor, cuya magnitud varía según el sexo en algunos indicadores de salud. El mayor nivel educativo y el mantenimiento de unas pensiones suficientes pueden ser políticas clave que contribuyan a la disminución de las desigualdades en este grupo de población.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective To examine socioeconomic inequalities in health in the older population in Spain. Method A systematic search and review of the literature published between 2000 and 2017 in English and Spanish was conducted in Social Science Citation Index, Sociology Database, Scopus, PubMed and Embase. Primary and secondary studies analysing these inequalities in Spain were included. Two researchers were responsible for the selection of the studies and the extraction of the information (first author, year of publication, region, design, population/sample, socioeconomic and health indicators used, and main results). Results A total of 89 articles were included, corresponding to 87 studies. Of the studies, 81.6% were crosssectional, 88.5% included only non-institutionalised population and 35.6% were carried out at a national level. The studies analysed social inequalities in the following health indicators: functional status (n = 29), morbidity (n = 19), self-perceived health (n = 18), mental and emotional health (n = 10), cognitive status (n = 7), quality of life (n = 9), mortality (n = 15) and life expectancy (n = 2). Socioeconomic inequalities were detected in all of them, although the magnitude varied depending on the socioeconomic and health indicator used. The educational level and the ecological indexes were the indicators that detected more inequalities in health. The impact of inequalities by sex was different in functional status, morbidity, self-perceived health, mental and emotional health and mortality. Conclusion There are socioeconomic inequalities in health among the elderly population and their magnitude varies by sex in some of the health indicators. The increase in educational level and the maintenance of sufficient pensions can be key policies that contribute to the reduction of inequalities in this population group.

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          Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: a meta-analysis.

          Meta-analysis is used to synthesize findings from 286 empirical studies on the association of socioeconomic status (SES), social network, and competence with subjective well-being (SWB) in the elderly. All three aspects of life circumstances are positively associated with SWB. Income is correlated more strongly with well-being than is education. The quality of social contacts shows stronger associations with SWB than does the quantity of social contacts. Whereas having contact with friends is more strongly related to SWB than having contact with adult children, there are higher associations between life satisfaction and quality of contact with adult children when compared with quality of friendships. Moderating influences of gender and age on the effects of SES, social network, and competence on SWB are also investigated.
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            Assessing reliability of a measure of self-rated health

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              The prevalence of frailty syndrome in an older population from Spain. The Toledo Study for Healthy Aging.

              To assess the prevalence of the frailty syndrome and its associated variables among the older adult population in the province of Toledo (Spain). Data were taken from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging, a population-based study conducted on 2,488 individuals aged 65 years and older. Study participants were selected by a two-stage random sampling from the municipal census of Toledo, covering both institutionalized and community dwelling persons from rural and urban settings. Data were collected from 2006 to 2009, and included information on social support, activities of daily living, comorbidity, physical activity, quality of life, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. In addition, a nurse collected anthropometric data, conducted tests of physical performance (walk speed, upper and lower extremities strength, and the stand-and-sit from a chair test) and obtained a blood sample. The diagnosis of the frailty syndrome was based on the Fried criteria (weakness, low speed, low physical activity, exhaustion, and weight loss). In total, 41.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.4-44.2%) of the study participants were prefrail, and 8.4% (95% CI 7.1-9.8%) were frail. There were no differences in the prevalence of frailty by sex, level of education, occupation, marital status, or place of residence. The frequency of the frailty syndrome increased with age, and was higher in those with disability, depression, hip fracture and other comorbidity, such as cardiovascular disease and disorders of the central nervous system. The prevalence of the frailty syndrome in older Spanish adults is high and similar to that reported in other populations in the Mediterranean basin.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                June 2020
                : 34
                : 3
                : 276-288
                Affiliations
                [1] San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa) orgnameUnidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria-OSIs Gipuzkoa España
                [7] San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa) orgnameGobierno Vasco orgdiv1Delegación Territorial de Gipuzkoa orgdiv2Departamento de Salud España
                [5] Leioa (Vizcaya) orgnameUniversidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Comunicación orgdiv2Departamento de Sociología 2 España
                [3] orgnameRed de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC) España
                [6] Leioa (Vizcaya) orgnameUniversidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU orgdiv1OPIK Grupo de investigación en Determinantes Sociales de la Salud y Cambio Demográfico España
                [2] San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa) orgnameInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia España
                [4] Barakaldo (Vizcaya) orgnameKronikgune Centro de Investigación en Cronicidad España
                Article
                S0213-91112020000300011 S0213-9111(20)03400300011
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.06.008
                31563284
                24c50cb6-a9ca-4224-bc64-10ad8859e062

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 June 2019
                : 15 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 110, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Health,Personas mayores,Indicadores,Búsqueda sistemática,Revisión,España,Socioeconomic inequalities,Older adults,Indicators Systematic search,Review,Spain,Desigualdades socioeconómicas,Salud

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