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      Clinical features and tubulin folding cofactor E gene analysis in Iranian patients with Sanjad–Sakati syndrome Translated title: Características clínicas e análise genética e de cofatores de dobramento da tubulina em pacientes iranianos com síndrome de Sanjad–Sakati

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Permanent hypoparathyroidism can be presented as part of genetic disorders such as Sanjad–Sakati syndrome (also known as hypoparathyroidism—intellectual disability-dysmorphism), which is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Our aim was to confirm the diagnosis of a group of patients with dysmorphism, poor growth, and hypoparathyroidism clinically labeled as Sanjad–Sakati syndrome and to identify for the first time the genetic variations on Iranian patients with the same ethnic origin.

          Methods

          In this study, 29 cases from 23 unrelated Arab kindreds with permanent hypoparathyroidism and dysmorphism indicating Sanjad-Sakati syndrome were enrolled for 10 years in the southwest of Iran. The mutational analysis by direct sequencing of the tubulin folding cofactor E gene was performed for the patients and their families, as well as their fetuses using genomic DNA.

          Results

          Twenty-eight out of 29 cases had parental consanguinity. Twenty-seven cases presented with hypocalcemia seizure and two were referred because of poor weight gain and were found to have asymptomatic hypocalcemia. The dysmorphic features, hypocalcemia in the setting of low to normal parathyroid hormone levels and high phosphorus led to the diagnosis of these cases. Sequencing analysis of the tubulin folding cofactor E gene revealed a homozygous 12-bp deletion (c.155–166del) for all patients. Following that, prenatal diagnosis was performed for eight families, and two fetuses with a homozygous 12-bp deletion were identified.

          Conclusion

          These results make it much easier and faster to diagnose this syndrome from other similar dysmorphisms and also help to detect carriers, as well as prenatal diagnosis of Sanjad-Sakati syndrome in high-risk families in this population.

          Resumo

          Objetivo

          O hipoparatireoidismo permanente pode estar presente como parte das doenças genéticas como na síndrome de Sanjad–Sakati (também chamada de síndrome de hipoparatireoidismo, retardo e dismorfismo), que é um distúrbio autossômico recessivo raro. Nosso objetivo foi confirmar o diagnóstico de um grupo de pacientes com dismorfismo, crescimento deficiente e hipoparatireoidismo clinicamente identificado como síndrome de Sanjad–Sakati e identificar as variações genéticas, pela primeira vez, em pacientes iranianos com a mesma origem étnica.

          Métodos

          Neste estudo, foram inscritos 29 casos de 23 famílias árabes sem parentesco com hipoparatireoidismo e dismorfismo indicando síndrome de Sanjad-Sakati, durante 10 anos no sudoeste do Irã. Foi feita a análise mutacional por sequenciamento direto do gene do cofator E de dobramento da tubulina dos pacientes e de suas famílias e também de seus fetos com o DNA genômico.

          Resultados

          Apresentaram consanguinidade parental 28 dos 29 casos. Desses, 27 casos apresentaram convulsão por hipocalcemia e dois foram encaminhados devido ao baixo ganho de peso, considerando diagnóstico de hipocalcemia assintomática. As características dismórficas, hipocalcemia na configuração de níveis de hormônio da paratireoide baixos a normais e alto nível de fósforo levaram ao diagnóstico dos casos. A análise de sequenciamento do gene do cofator E de dobramento da tubulina revelou deleção homozigótica de 12 pares de base (pb) (c.155–166del) em todos os pacientes. Após isso, foi feito o diagnóstico pré-natal em oito famílias e dois fetos foram identificados com deleção homozigótica de 12 pb.

          Conclusão

          Esses resultados tornam o diagnóstico dessa síndrome muito mais fácil e rápido do que outros dismorfismos semelhantes e também ajudam a detectar portadores, bem como, o diagnóstico pré-natal da síndrome de Sanjad-Sakati em famílias de alto risco nessa população.

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          Most cited references24

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          Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence Variants: A Joint Consensus Recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology

          The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) previously developed guidance for the interpretation of sequence variants. 1 In the past decade, sequencing technology has evolved rapidly with the advent of high-throughput next generation sequencing. By adopting and leveraging next generation sequencing, clinical laboratories are now performing an ever increasing catalogue of genetic testing spanning genotyping, single genes, gene panels, exomes, genomes, transcriptomes and epigenetic assays for genetic disorders. By virtue of increased complexity, this paradigm shift in genetic testing has been accompanied by new challenges in sequence interpretation. In this context, the ACMG convened a workgroup in 2013 comprised of representatives from the ACMG, the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) and the College of American Pathologists (CAP) to revisit and revise the standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants. The group consisted of clinical laboratory directors and clinicians. This report represents expert opinion of the workgroup with input from ACMG, AMP and CAP stakeholders. These recommendations primarily apply to the breadth of genetic tests used in clinical laboratories including genotyping, single genes, panels, exomes and genomes. This report recommends the use of specific standard terminology: ‘pathogenic’, ‘likely pathogenic’, ‘uncertain significance’, ‘likely benign’, and ‘benign’ to describe variants identified in Mendelian disorders. Moreover, this recommendation describes a process for classification of variants into these five categories based on criteria using typical types of variant evidence (e.g. population data, computational data, functional data, segregation data, etc.). Because of the increased complexity of analysis and interpretation of clinical genetic testing described in this report, the ACMG strongly recommends that clinical molecular genetic testing should be performed in a CLIA-approved laboratory with results interpreted by a board-certified clinical molecular geneticist or molecular genetic pathologist or equivalent.
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            Replication slippage involves DNA polymerase pausing and dissociation.

            Genome rearrangements can take place by a process known as replication slippage or copy-choice recombination. The slippage occurs between repeated sequences in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and is invoked to explain microsatellite instability, which is related to several human diseases. We analysed the molecular mechanism of slippage between short direct repeats, using in vitro replication of a single-stranded DNA template that mimics the lagging strand synthesis. We show that slippage involves DNA polymerase pausing, which must take place within the direct repeat, and that the pausing polymerase dissociates from the DNA. We also present evidence that, upon polymerase dissociation, only the terminal portion of the newly synthesized strand separates from the template and anneals to another direct repeat. Resumption of DNA replication then completes the slippage process.
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              Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs

              Consanguineous marriages have been practiced since the early existence of modern humans. Until now consanguinity is widely practiced in several global communities with variable rates depending on religion, culture, and geography. Arab populations have a long tradition of consanguinity due to socio-cultural factors. Many Arab countries display some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world, and specifically first cousin marriages which may reach 25-30% of all marriages. In some countries like Qatar, Yemen, and UAE, consanguinity rates are increasing in the current generation. Research among Arabs and worldwide has indicated that consanguinity could have an effect on some reproductive health parameters such as postnatal mortality and rates of congenital malformations. The association of consanguinity with other reproductive health parameters, such as fertility and fetal wastage, is controversial. The main impact of consanguinity, however, is an increase in the rate of homozygotes for autosomal recessive genetic disorders. Worldwide, known dominant disorders are more numerous than known recessive disorders. However, data on genetic disorders in Arab populations as extracted from the Catalogue of Transmission Genetics in Arabs (CTGA) database indicate a relative abundance of recessive disorders in the region that is clearly associated with the practice of consanguinity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Pediatr (Rio J)
                J Pediatr (Rio J)
                Jornal de Pediatria
                Elsevier
                0021-7557
                1678-4782
                04 August 2018
                Jan-Feb 2020
                04 August 2018
                : 96
                : 1
                : 60-65
                Affiliations
                [a ]Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz, Iran
                [b ]Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
                [c ]Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, School of Science, Department of Genetics, Ahvaz, Iran
                [d ]Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ahvaz, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. pghandil@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                S0021-7557(18)30453-4
                10.1016/j.jped.2018.07.005
                9432144
                30080992
                24dd1383-5e2f-44da-aaac-3c7c6b35721b
                © 2018 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 April 2018
                : 5 July 2018
                Categories
                Original Article

                hypoparathyroidism,sanjad–sakati syndrome,tubulin folding cofactor e gene,hrd syndrome,iranian population,mutation,hipoparatireoidismo,síndrome de sanjad–sakati,gene do cofator e de dobramento da tubulina,síndrome hrd,população iraniana,mutação

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