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      Should maternal anesthesia delay breastfeeding? A systematic review of the literature Translated title: A anestesia materna deve atrasar a amamentação? Revisão sistemática da literatura

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The importance and benefits of breastfeeding for the babies and mothers are well established and documented in the literature. However, it is frequent that lactating mothers need to undergo general or spinal anesthesia and, due to the lack of information, many of them interrupt breastfeeding after anesthesia. There are limited data available regarding anesthetics transfer to breast milk. This review aims to develop some considerations and recommendations based on available literature.

          Methods

          A systematic search of the literature was conducted by using the following health science databases: Embase, Lilacs, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The latest literature search was performed on April 6 th, 2018. Additional literature search was made via the World Health Organization's website. We used the following terms for the search strategy: “Anesthesia” and “Breastfeeding”, and their derivatives.

          Results

          In this research, 599 registers were found, and 549 had been excluded by different reasons. Fifty manuscripts have been included, with different designs of studies: prospective trials, retrospective observational studies, reviews, case reports, randomized clinical trials, case–control, and website access. Small concentrations of the most anesthetic agents, are transferred to the breast milk; however, their administration seem to be safe for lactating mothers when administered as a single dose during anesthesia and this should not contraindicate the breastfeeding. On the other hand, high-doses, continuous or repeated administration of drugs increase the risk of adverse effects on neonates, and should be avoided. Few drugs, such as diazepam and meperidine, produce adverse effects on breastfed babies even in single doses. Dexmedetomidine seems to be safe if breastfeeding starts 24 h after discontinuation of the drug.

          Conclusions

          Most of the anesthetic drugs are safe for nursing mothers and offer low risk to the breastfed neonates when administered in single-dose. However, high-dose and repeated administration of drugs significantly increase the risk of adverse effects on neonates. Moreover, diazepam and meperidine should be avoided in nursing women. Finally, anesthesiologists and pediatricians should consider individual risk/benefit, with special attention to premature neonates or babies with concurrent diseases since they are more susceptible to adverse effects.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          A importância e os benefícios do aleitamento materno para os bebês e para as mães estão bem estabelecidos e documentados na literatura. No entanto, é frequente que mães lactantes precisem se submeter à anestesia geral ou raquianestesia e, devido à falta de informações, muitas delas interrompem a amamentação após a anestesia. Existem poucos dados disponíveis sobre a transferência de anestésicos para o leite materno. O objetivo desta revisão foi desenvolver algumas considerações e recomendações com base na literatura disponível.

          Métodos

          Uma busca sistemática da literatura foi realizada usando os seguintes bancos de dados em ciências da saúde: Embase, Lilacs, Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science. A pesquisa bibliográfica mais recente foi realizada em 6 de abril de 2018. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica adicional foi realizada através do site da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Usamos os seguintes termos para a estratégia de busca: “Anestesia” e “Aleitamento materno”, e seus derivados.

          Resultados

          Nesta pesquisa, 599 registros foram encontrados e 549 foram excluídos por diferentes razões. Foram incluídos 50 manuscritos, com diferentes modelos de estudos: estudos prospectivos, estudos observacionais retrospectivos, revisões, relatos de casos, ensaios clínicos randômicos, caso-controle e acesso a sites. Pequenas concentrações da maioria dos agentes anestésicos são transferidas para o leite materno; entretanto, sua administração parece ser segura para mães lactantes quando administrados em dose única durante a anestesia e isso não deve contraindicar o aleitamento materno. Por outro lado, altas doses, administração contínua ou repetida dos fármacos aumentam o risco de efeitos adversos em neonatos e devem ser evitados. Poucas drogas, como diazepam e meperidina, produzem efeitos adversos em bebês amamentados, mesmo quando administradas em doses únicas. Dexmedetomidina parece ser segura se a amamentação começar 24 horas após a interrupção do medicamento.

          Conclusões

          A maioria dos anestésicos é segura para mães que amamentam e oferecem baixo risco para os recém-nascidos amamentados quando a administração é em dose única. No entanto, altas doses e repetidas administrações de drogas aumentam significativamente o risco de efeitos adversos em recém-nascidos. Além disso, diazepam e meperidina devem ser evitados em mulheres que amamentam. Finalmente, anestesiologistas e pediatras devem considerar o risco-benefício individual, com atenção especial para os recém-nascidos prematuros ou bebês com doenças concomitantes, pois são mais suscetíveis a efeitos adversos.

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          Most cited references57

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement

          David Moher and colleagues introduce PRISMA, an update of the QUOROM guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses
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            Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk.

            (2001)
            The American Academy of Pediatrics places emphasis on increasing breastfeeding in the United States. A common reason for the cessation of breastfeeding is the use of medication by the nursing mother and advice by her physician to stop nursing. Such advice may not be warranted. This statement is intended to supply the pediatrician, obstetrician, and family physician with data, if known, concerning the excretion of drugs into human milk. Most drugs likely to be prescribed to the nursing mother should have no effect on milk supply or on infant well-being. This information is important not only to protect nursing infants from untoward effects of maternal medication but also to allow effective pharmacologic treatment of breastfeeding mothers. Nicotine, psychotropic drugs, and silicone implants are 3 important topics reviewed in this statement.
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              Maternal analgesia during labor disturbs newborn behavior: effects on breastfeeding, temperature, and crying.

              Newborns not exposed to analgesia, when placed on the mother's chest, exhibit an inborn prefeeding behavior. This study was performed to assess the effects of different types of analgesia during labor on the development of spontaneous breastfeeding movements, crying behavior, and skin temperature during the first hours of life in healthy term newborns. Video recordings were made of 28 newborns who had been dried and placed in skin-to-skin contact between their mother's breasts immediately after delivery. The video recordings were analyzed blindly with respect to infant exposure to analgesia. Defined infant behaviors were assessed every 30 seconds. Group 1 mothers (n = 10) had received no analgesia during labor, group 2 mothers (n = 6) had received mepivacaine via pudendal block, and group 3 mothers (n = 12) had received pethidine or bupivacaine or more than one type of analgesia during labor. All infants made finger and hand movements, but the infant's massagelike hand movements were less frequent in infants whose mothers had received labor analgesia. A significantly lower proportion of group 3 infants made hand-to-mouth movements (p < 0.001), and a significantly lower proportion of the infants in groups 2 and 3 touched the nipple with their hands before suckling (p < 0.01), made licking movements (p < 0.01), and sucked the breast (p < 0.01). Nearly one-half of the infants, all in groups 2 or 3, did not breastfeed within the first 2.5 hour of life. The infants whose mothers had received analgesia during labor had higher temperatures (p = 0.03) and they cried more (p = 0.05) than infants whose mothers had not received any analgesia. The present data indicate that several types of analgesia given to the mother during labor may interfere with the newborn's spontaneous breast-seeking and breastfeeding behaviors and increase the newborn's temperature and crying.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
                Elsevier
                0104-0014
                2352-2291
                26 December 2018
                Mar-Apr 2019
                26 December 2018
                : 69
                : 2
                : 184-196
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                [b ]Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Anestesiologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. murillogsantos@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0104-0014(18)30165-9
                10.1016/j.bjane.2018.12.006
                9391912
                30651201
                24e836bd-4198-49f3-8d19-23e8b568740e
                © 2018 Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. on behalf of Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 4 July 2018
                : 6 November 2018
                Categories
                Review Article

                anesthetic drugs,anesthetic effect,exclusive breast feeding,anestésicos,efeito anestésico,aleitamento materno exclusivo

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