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      Optimized imaging of the midface and orbits

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          Abstract

          A variety of imaging techniques are available for imaging the midface and orbits. This review article describes the different imaging techniques based on the recent literature and discusses their impact on clinical routine imaging. Imaging protocols are presented for different diseases and the different imaging modalities.

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          Most cited references134

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          High resolution diffusion-weighted imaging using readout-segmented echo-planar imaging, parallel imaging and a two-dimensional navigator-based reacquisition.

          Single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) is well established as the method of choice for clinical, diffusion-weighted imaging with MRI because of its low sensitivity to the motion-induced phase errors that occur during diffusion sensitization of the MR signal. However, the method is prone to artifacts due to susceptibility changes at tissue interfaces and has a limited spatial resolution. The introduction of parallel imaging techniques, such as GRAPPA (GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions), has reduced these problems, but there are still significant limitations, particularly at higher field strengths, such as 3 Tesla (T), which are increasingly being used for routine clinical imaging. This study describes how the combination of readout-segmented EPI and parallel imaging can be used to address these issues by generating high-resolution, diffusion-weighted images at 1.5T and 3T with a significant reduction in susceptibility artifact compared with the single-shot case. The technique uses data from a 2D navigator acquisition to perform a nonlinear phase correction and to control the real-time reacquisition of unusable data that cannot be corrected. Measurements on healthy volunteers demonstrate that this approach provides a robust correction for motion-induced phase artifact and allows scan times that are suitable for routine clinical application. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            CT dose reduction and dose management tools: overview of available options.

            In the past decade, the tremendous advances in computed tomography (CT) technology and applications have increased the clinical utilization of CT, creating concerns about individual and population doses of ionizing radiation. Scanner manufacturers have subsequently implemented several options to appropriately manage or reduce the radiation dose from CT. Modulation of the x-ray tube current during scanning is one effective method of managing the dose. However, the distinctions between the various tube current modulation products are not clear from the product names or descriptions. Depending on the scanner model, the tube current may be modulated according to patient attenuation or a sinusoidal-type function. The modulation may be fully preprogrammed, implemented in near-real time by using a feedback mechanism, or achieved with both preprogramming and a feedback loop. The dose modulation may occur angularly around the patient, along the long axis of the patient, or both. Finally, the system may allow use of one of several algorithms to automatically adjust the current to achieve the desired image quality. Modulation both angularly around the patient and along the z-axis is optimal, but the tube current must be appropriately adapted to patient size for diagnostic image quality to be achieved. (c) RSNA, 2006.
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              An introduction to PET-CT imaging.

              Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries such as the United States. Complex clinical decisions about treatment of oncologic patients are largely guided by imaging findings, among other factors. Most radiologic procedures map the anatomy and morphology of tumors with little or no information about their metabolism. Positron emission tomography (PET) performed with 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) has proved valuable in providing important tumor-related qualitative and quantitative metabolic information that is critical to diagnosis and follow-up. PET-computed tomography (CT) is a unique combination of the cross-sectional anatomic information provided by CT and the metabolic information provided by PET, which are acquired during a single examination and fused. FDG PET-CT offers several advantages over PET alone; the most important is the ability to accurately localize increased FDG activity to specific normal or abnormal anatomic locations, which may be difficult or even impossible with PET alone. Understanding the principles of FDG PET-CT and the optimal scanning techniques and recognizing the potential pitfalls and limitations are important for advantageous use of this imaging modality. Copyright RSNA, 2004
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg
                GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg
                GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg
                GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1865-1011
                22 December 2015
                2015
                : 14
                : Doc05
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Sönke Langner, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. 1, 17475 Greifswald, Germany, Phone: + 49 3834-86-6960, Fax: + 49-3834-86-7097, E-mail: soenke.Langner@ 123456uni-Greifswald.de
                Article
                cto000120 Doc05 urn:nbn:de:0183-cto0001201
                10.3205/cto000120
                4702054
                25837368
                24e91c67-aca3-453b-b36c-244e888e0708
                Copyright © 2015 Langner

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

                History
                Categories
                Article

                Surgery
                imaging,midface,orbits,ct,mri
                Surgery
                imaging, midface, orbits, ct, mri

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