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      Antibiotic Pollution in the Environment: From Microbial Ecology to Public Policy

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          Abstract

          The ability to fight bacterial infections with antibiotics has been a longstanding cornerstone of modern medicine. However, wide-spread overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to unintended consequences, which in turn require large-scale changes of policy for mitigation. In this review, we address two broad classes of corollaries of antibiotics overuse and misuse. Firstly, we discuss the spread of antibiotic resistance from hotspots of resistance evolution to the environment, with special concerns given to potential vectors of resistance transmission. Secondly, we outline the effects of antibiotic pollution independent of resistance evolution on natural microbial populations, as well as invertebrates and vertebrates. We close with an overview of current regional policies tasked with curbing the effects of antibiotics pollution and outline areas in which such policies are still under development.

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          Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample.

          J. Gregory Caporaso, Christian L. Lauber, William A. Walters … (2011)
          The ongoing revolution in high-throughput sequencing continues to democratize the ability of small groups of investigators to map the microbial component of the biosphere. In particular, the coevolution of new sequencing platforms and new software tools allows data acquisition and analysis on an unprecedented scale. Here we report the next stage in this coevolutionary arms race, using the Illumina GAIIx platform to sequence a diverse array of 25 environmental samples and three known "mock communities" at a depth averaging 3.1 million reads per sample. We demonstrate excellent consistency in taxonomic recovery and recapture diversity patterns that were previously reported on the basis of metaanalysis of many studies from the literature (notably, the saline/nonsaline split in environmental samples and the split between host-associated and free-living communities). We also demonstrate that 2,000 Illumina single-end reads are sufficient to recapture the same relationships among samples that we observe with the full dataset. The results thus open up the possibility of conducting large-scale studies analyzing thousands of samples simultaneously to survey microbial communities at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
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            Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015

            Eili Klein, Thomas P Van Boeckel, Elena M Martinez … (2018)
            Significance Antibiotic resistance, driven by antibiotic consumption, is a growing global health threat. Our report on antibiotic use in 76 countries over 16 years provides an up-to-date comprehensive assessment of global trends in antibiotic consumption. We find that the antibiotic consumption rate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been converging to (and in some countries surpassing) levels typically observed in high-income countries. However, inequities in drug access persist, as many LMICs continue to be burdened with high rates of infectious disease-related mortality and low rates of antibiotic consumption. Our findings emphasize the need for global surveillance of antibiotic consumption to support policies to reduce antibiotic consumption and resistance while providing access to these lifesaving drugs.
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              Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework.

              Thomas Berendonk, Célia M Manaia, Christophe Merlin … (2015)
              Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human and animal health worldwide, and key measures are required to reduce the risks posed by antibiotic resistance genes that occur in the environment. These measures include the identification of critical points of control, the development of reliable surveillance and risk assessment procedures, and the implementation of technological solutions that can prevent environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes. In this Opinion article, we discuss the main knowledge gaps, the future research needs and the policy and management options that should be prioritized to tackle antibiotic resistance in the environment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (publisher-id): microorganisms
                Title: Microorganisms
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2607
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 June 2019
                Publication date Collection: June 2019
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 180
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, QC H4B1R6, Canada; a_ramac@ 123456live.concordia.ca
                [2 ]Department of Biology, Reem-Kayden Center for Sciences and Computation, Bard College, 31 Campus Road, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 12504, USA; gperron@ 123456bard.edu
                [3 ]Center for the Study of Land, Water, and Air, Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 12504, USA
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-5239
                Article
                Publisher ID: microorganisms-07-00180
                DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060180
                PMC ID: 6616856
                PubMed ID: 31234491
                SO-VID: 24f02437-b7a2-487c-97f4-da1dfc9af7a0
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 May 2019
                Date accepted : 10 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: antibiotic resistance,environmental resistome,antibiotic pollution,antimicrobial resistance (amr) policies
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antibiotic resistance, environmental resistome, antibiotic pollution, antimicrobial resistance (amr) policies

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