Trait mindfulness, rumination, and well-being in family caregivers of people with acquired brain injury  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Mindfulness como rasgo, la rumiaci&oacute;n y el bienestar en los cuidadores de las personas con da&ntilde;o cerebral adquirido </span>

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Abstract

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationship between trait mindfulness, rumination, quality of life, anxiety, and depression in family caregivers of people with Acquired Brain Injury (ABI). Participants were 78 caregivers (75.6% women) aged between 22 and 80 years. The participants completed measures of behavioral and emotional problems in the person with ABI, trait mindfulness, symptoms of anxiety and depression, quality of life, and rumination. The results showed that mindfulness is associated with fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression and better quality of life, and that this is explained through less use of rumination. Likewise, behavioral and emotional problems of the person with ABI were associated with more depression and lower quality of life in the caregiver. Rumination explained part of this association. Finally, behavioral and emotional problems of the person with ABI were more strongly associated with depression in caregivers with low trait mindfulness.

Translated abstract

RESUMEN Este estudio examinó la relación entre el rasgo de mindfulness, rumiación, calidad de vida, ansiedad y depresión en cuidadores de personas con daño cerebral adquirido (DCA). Participaron 78 cuidadores (75.6% mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 22 y 80 años. Los participantes facilitaron medidas de problemas conductuales y emocionales de la persona con DCA, rasgo de mindfulness, síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, calidad de vida y rumiación. Los resultados mostraron que mindfulness se asocia a menos síntomas de ansiedad y depresión y más calidad de vida y que esto se explica a través de un menor uso de la rumiación. Asimismo, los problemas conductuales y emocionales de la persona con DCA se asocian a una mayor depresión y menor calidad de vida en el cuidador. La rumiación media parte de esta asociación. Finalmente, los problemas conductuales y emocionales de la persona con DCA se asocian más estrechamente a la depresión en los cuidadores con bajo nivel de mindfulness.

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The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being.

Kirk Warren Brown, Richard M. Ryan (2003)

Mindfulness is an attribute of consciousness long believed to promote well-being. This research provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. The development and psychometric properties of the dispositional Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) are described. Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies then show that the MAAS measures a unique quality of consciousness that is related to a variety of well-being constructs, that differentiates mindfulness practitioners from others, and that is associated with enhanced self-awareness. An experience-sampling study shows that both dispositional and state mindfulness predict self-regulated behavior and positive emotional states. Finally, a clinical intervention study with cancer patients demonstrates that increases in mindfulness over time relate to declines in mood disturbance and stress.

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Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations.

Patrick E Shrout, Niall Bolger (2002)

Mediation is said to occur when a causal effect of some variable X on an outcome Y is explained by some intervening variable M. The authors recommend that with small to moderate samples, bootstrap methods (B. Efron & R. Tibshirani, 1993) be used to assess mediation. Bootstrap tests are powerful because they detect that the sampling distribution of the mediated effect is skewed away from 0. They argue that R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny's (1986) recommendation of first testing the X --> Y association for statistical significance should not be a requirement when there is a priori belief that the effect size is small or suppression is a possibility. Empirical examples and computer setups for bootstrap analyses are provided.