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      Resultados de la implementación de un programa piloto de optimización de antimicrobianos (PROA) en Atención Primaria Translated title: Results of implementation of a pilot antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) in Primary Care

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          Abstract

          Resumen Fundamento El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la implementación de un programa piloto de optimización de antimicrobianos (PROA) en equipos de Atención Primaria (EAP) en Navarra. Material y métodos Estudio experimental, no aleatorizado, realizado con datos del sistema de facturación de recetas. Se calculó la variación del uso de antibióticos antes (2018) y después (2019) de implementar el PROA en doce EAP, y se comparó con la variación en otros doce EAP sin PROA. Se consideró el consumo global y por grupo terapéutico: beta-lactámicos, fluoroquinolonas, macrólidos, cefalosporinas y fosfomicina-trometamol, expresado como número de pacientes tratados y DDD (dosis diarias definidas). Resultados El número de pacientes tratados con antibióticos disminuyó significativamente más en el grupo de EAP con PROA (-9,1 vs -1,7%), especialmente en el caso de fluoroquinolonas (-25 vs -20,4%), macrólidos (-20,4 vs -8,5%) y amoxicilina-clavulánico (-10,3 vs -2,5%). Las reducciones en DDD siguieron el mismo patrón. En ambos grupos de EAP se mantuvo constante el número de pacientes tratados con cefalosporinas de tercera generación, mientras que aumentaron de forma similar los tratados con cefalosporinas de primera generación y con penicilinas sensibles a betalactamasa. En los EAP con PROA aumentó significativamente menos el número de pacientes tratados con fosfomicina-trometamol (4,0 vs 11,5%), reduciendo su consumo en DDD mientras que aumentaron en los EAP sin PROA (-1 vs 10%, p<0,001). Conclusiones Los EAP con PROA redujeron significativamente más el consumo global de antimicrobianos, fluoroquinolonas, macrólidos y amoxicilina-clavulánico que el grupo sin PROA. Estos resultados positivos han propiciado su extensión al resto de EAP de Navarra.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a pilot antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) in Primary Health Care teams (PHCT) in Navarre (Spain). Material and methods Non-randomized experimental study performed with data obtained from the electronic pharmacy records. Differences in consumption of antibiotics before (2018) and after (2019) ASP implementation in twelve PHCT were calculated. Another twelve PHCT without ASP were used for comparison. We analysed data on global and beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, cephalosporines and fosfomycin-trometamol, expressed in number of treated patients and DDD (defined daily doses). Results The number of patients with prescribed antibiotics decreased significantly more in PHCT with ASP (-9.1 vs. -1.7%), particularly with fluoroquinolones (-25 vs. -20.4%), macrolids (-20.4 vs. -8.5%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic (-10.3 vs. -2.5%). Decreased DDD followed the same pattern. Both PHCT groups kept constant the number of patients with prescribed third generation cephalosporins, while those with prescribed first generation cephalosporins and betalactamase-sensible penicilins increased similarly. In PHCT with ASP, increased number of patients with prescribed phosphomycin-trometamol was smaller (4.0 vs. 11.5%) while its consumption expressed in DDDs was reduced while increasing in PHCT without ASP (-1 vs. 10%, p<0.001). Conclusions PHCT with ASP resulted in a significantly greater decrease in the global use of antimicrobials, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and amoxicillin-clavulanic than PHCT without ASP. These very positive results promoted their extension to the remaining PHCT.

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          Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis

          Summary Background Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistance–bacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011–12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature. Findings From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671 689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583 148–763 966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63·5% (426 277 of 671 689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33 110 (28 480–38 430) attributable deaths and 874 541 (768 837–989 068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece. Interpretation Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases. Funding European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
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            Programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) en hospitales españoles: documento de consenso GEIH-SEIMC, SEFH y SEMPSPH

            The antimicrobial agents are unique drugs for several reasons. First, their efficacy is higher than other drugs in terms of reduction of morbidity and mortality. Also, antibiotics are the only group of drugs associated with ecological effects, because their administration may contribute to the emergence and spread of microbial resistance. Finally, they are used by almost all medical specialties. Appropriate use of antimicrobials is very complex because of the important advances in the management of infectious diseases and the spread of antibiotic resistance. Thus, the implementation of programs for optimizing the use of antibiotics in hospitals (called PROA in this document) is necessary. This consensus document defines the objectives of the PROA (namely, to improve the clinical results of patients with infections, to minimise the adverse events associated to the use of antimicrobials including the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance, and to ensure the use of the most cost-efficacious treatments), and provides recommendations for the implementation of these programs in Spanish hospitals. The key aspects of the recommendations are as follows. Multidisciplinary antibiotic teams should be formed, under the auspices of the Infection Committees. The PROA need to be considered as part of institutional programs and the strategic objectives of the hospital. The PROA should include specific objectives based on measurable indicators, and activities aimed at improving the use of antimicrobials, mainly through educational activities and interventions based more on training activities directed to prescribers than just on restrictive measures.
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              Antibacterial prescribing in primary care.

              Monitoring of general practice antibiotic prescribing is important to allow concordance with prescribing guidelines to be assessed. National Prescribing Analysis and Cost Data are limited by lack of information on the condition for which antibiotics are prescribed. Using the General Practice Research Database, we found that the 10 leading indications for antibacterial prescribing were (in descending order): upper respiratory tract infection (RTI), lower RTI, sore throat, urinary tract infection, otitis media, conjunctivitis, vague skin infections without a clear diagnosis, sinusitis, otitis externa and impetigo. Although for some conditions there appeared to be inappropriately high levels of antibacterial prescribing, the antibiotics chosen were usually those recommended for first-line treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                1137-6627
                December 2020
                : 43
                : 3
                : 373-379
                Affiliations
                [4] Pamplona orgnameServicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea orgdiv1Centro de Salud de San Juan Spain
                [2] orgnameInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra
                [3] Pamplona orgnameServicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea orgdiv1Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra orgdiv2Servicio de Microbiología Spain
                [1] Pamplona orgnameServicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea orgdiv1Subdirección de Farmacia orgdiv2Servicio de Asesoría e Información del Medicamento Spain
                Article
                S1137-66272020000300008 S1137-6627(20)04300300008
                10.23938/assn.0913
                33057243
                251e3a53-1c8e-418e-8246-28f57b0ebf46

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 June 2020
                : 02 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

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                Artículos Originales Breves

                Cefalosporinas,ASP,Antimicrobial,Cephalosporines,Quinolones,Penicillins,Penicilinas,Quinolonas,Antimicrobianos,PROA

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