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      Liquid Seal for Temperature Sensing with Fiber-Optic Refractometers

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          Abstract

          Liquid sealing is an effective method to convert a fiber-optic refractometer into a simple and highly sensitive temperature sensor. A refractometer based on the thin-core fiber modal interferometer is sealed in a capillary tube filled with Cargille oil. Due to the thermo-optic effect of the sealing liquid, the high refractive-index sensitivity refractometer is subsequently sensitive to the ambient temperature. It is found that the liquid-sealed sensor produces a highest sensitivity of −2.30 nm/°C, which is over 250 times higher than its intrinsic sensitivity before sealing and significantly higher than that of a grating-based fiber sensors. The sensing mechanisms, including the incidental temperature-induced strain effect, are analyzed in detail both theoretically and experimentally. The liquid sealing technique is easy and low cost, and makes the sensor robust and insensitive to the surrounding refractive index. It can be applied to other fiber-optic refractometers for temperature sensing.

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          Most cited references28

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          A high sensitivity refractometer based upon a long period grating Mach–Zehnder interferometer

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            Miniature fiber-optic temperature sensors based on silica/polymer microfiber knot resonators.

            In this paper, we report two fiber-optic temperature sensors based on silica/polymer microfiber knot resonators (SMKR/PMKR). The structures of these sensors are composed of three layers, MgF(2) crystal plate is adopted as the substrate, and the sensing knots are covered by a thin MgF(2) slab to keep it steady and immunity to the environment fluctuations. Experimental results show that the temperature sensitivity of SMKR is approximately 52 pm/ degrees C within 30 degrees C approximately 700 degrees C, while the sensitivity of PMKR is approximately 266 pm/ degrees C within 20 degrees C approximately 80 degrees C. The temporal response of SMKR and PMKR sensors are less than 1 ms and 5 ms, respectively. These microfiber knot resonators can be used as miniature high temperature sensors with fast response. Higher resolution can be anticipated with further improvement of the Q factor of the microfiber knot resonators.
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              High-birefringence fiber loop mirrors and their applications as sensors.

              The reflection and transmission characteristics of a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror (HiBi-FLM), which is composed of a standard fiber coupler and one-section or multisection high-birefringence fibers (HBFs), are analyzed and discussed in detail. Theoretical reflectivity and transmissivity expressions for HiBi-FLMs with one-, two-, and three-section HBFs were obtained. The procedure for calculating reflectivity and transmissivity for HiBi-FLMs with n-section HBFs is given. Experimental results have verified the theoretical model. The basic characteristics of the one-section HiBi-FLM when strain and high temperature are applied to HBFs were analyzed and investigated theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. Furthermore, a strain--temperature sensor that makes use of those characteristics, which is new for applications of HiBi-FLMs, has been proposed and demonstrated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                August 2014
                13 August 2014
                : 14
                : 8
                : 14873-14884
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China; E-Mail: xubenfiles@ 123456163.com
                [2 ] College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; E-Mails: yli@ 123456cjlu.edu.cn (Y.L.); 1208030014@ 123456cjlu.edu.cn (J.X.); xydong@ 123456cjlu.edu.cn (X.D.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: jqli@ 123456must.edu.mo ; Tel.: +853-8897-2194; Fax: +853-2882-3280.
                Article
                sensors-14-14873
                10.3390/s140814873
                4179039
                25123468
                2546575a-f360-4aea-9349-35c72487120f
                © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 14 June 2014
                : 04 August 2014
                : 05 August 2014
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                fiber-optic refractometer,temperature sensor,liquid seal,thermo-optic effect

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