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      Multifunctional Carbon Nanostructures for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

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          Abstract

          Carbon nanostructures—including graphene, fullerenes, etc.—have found applications in a number of areas synergistically with a number of other materials.These multifunctional carbon nanostructures have recently attracted tremendous interest for energy storage applications due to their large aspect ratios, specific surface areas, and electrical conductivity. This succinct review aims to report on the recent advances in energy storage applications involving these multifunctional carbon nanostructures. The advanced design and testing of multifunctional carbon nanostructures for energy storage applications—specifically, electrochemical capacitors, lithium ion batteries, and fuel cells—are emphasized with comprehensive examples.

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          Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

          S. Morozov, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim … (2007)
          We report a naturally-occurring two-dimensional material (graphene that can be viewed as a gigantic flat fullerene molecule, describe its electronic properties and demonstrate all-metallic field-effect transistor, which uniquely exhibits ballistic transport at submicron distances even at room temperature.
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            Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene

            A Firsov, I. Grigorieva, S Dubonos … (2005)
            Electronic properties of materials are commonly described by quasiparticles that behave as non-relativistic electrons with a finite mass and obey the Schroedinger equation. Here we report a condensed matter system where electron transport is essentially governed by the Dirac equation and charge carriers mimic relativistic particles with zero mass and an effective "speed of light" c* ~10^6m/s. Our studies of graphene - a single atomic layer of carbon - have revealed a variety of unusual phenomena characteristic of two-dimensional (2D) Dirac fermions. In particular, we have observed that a) the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; b) graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the conductance quantum e^2/h, even when carrier concentrations tend to zero; c) the cyclotron mass m of massless carriers with energy E in graphene is described by equation E =mc*^2; and d) Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in graphene exhibit a phase shift of pi due to Berry's phase.
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              The electronic properties of graphene

              K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, A. H. Castro Neto … (2007)
              This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene, a one atom thick allotrope of carbon, with unusual two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic excitations. The Dirac electrons can be controlled by application of external electric and magnetic fields, or by altering sample geometry and/or topology. We show that the Dirac electrons behave in unusual ways in tunneling, confinement, and integer quantum Hall effect. We discuss the electronic properties of graphene stacks and show that they vary with stacking order and number of layers. Edge (surface) states in graphene are strongly dependent on the edge termination (zigzag or armchair) and affect the physical properties of nanoribbons. We also discuss how different types of disorder modify the Dirac equation leading to unusual spectroscopic and transport properties. The effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in single layer and multilayer graphene are also presented.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jiye Fang: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nanomaterials
                Title: Nanomaterials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-4991
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 May 2015
                Publication date Collection: June 2015
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 755-777
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37976, USA; E-Mails: ywang160@ 123456utk.edu (Y.W.); hwei@ 123456lamar.edu (H.W.)
                [2 ]Materials Engineering and Nanosensor Laboratory (MEAN), Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA; E-Mail: ylu2@ 123456lamar.edu
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: Suying.Wei@ 123456lamar.edu (S.W.); Evan.Wujcik@ 123456lamar.edu (E.K.W.); zguo10@ 123456utk.edu (Z.G.); Tel.: +1-409-880-7976 (S.W.); +1-409-880-8428 (E.K.W.); +1-865-974-2933 (Z.G.); Fax: +1-409-880-8270 (S.W.); +1-409-880-2197 (E.K.W.); +1-865-974-7076 (Z.G.).
                Article
                Publisher ID: nanomaterials-05-00755
                DOI: 10.3390/nano5020755
                PMC ID: 5312914
                SO-VID: 254edfb1-2109-4275-981e-02a1ab6de4fd
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 April 2015
                Date accepted : 05 May 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: multifunctional,nanocarbon,nanocomposite,nanomaterial,energy storage,capacitor,battery,fuel cell,graphene,cnt
                Data availability:
                Keywords: multifunctional, nanocarbon, nanocomposite, nanomaterial, energy storage, capacitor, battery, fuel cell, graphene, cnt

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