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      Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort difference on the children's depression inventory: A meta-analysis.

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      Journal: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
      Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)

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          Abstract

          A within-scale meta-analysis was performed on 310 samples of children (ages 8-16; N = 61,424) responding to the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Girls' depression scores stayed steady from ages 8 to 11 and then increased between ages 12 and 16. Boys' CDI scores were stable from ages 8 to 16 except for a high CDI score at age 12. Girls' scores were slightly lower than boys' during childhood, but girls scored higher beginning at age 13. There were no socioeconomic status effects and no differences between White and Black samples. However, Hispanic samples scored significantly higher on the CDI. Analyses for birth cohort showed a slight decrease in boys' CDI scores over time and no change for girls. Longitudinal studies demonstrated a marked testing effect.

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          Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.

          Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (1991)
          I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.
          Article 0 comments Cited 787 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study.

            Benjamin L. Hankin, Lyn Y. Abramson, Terrie E Moffitt … (1998)
            Article 0 comments Cited 320 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Gender differences in sexuality: a meta-analysis.

              Mary Oliver, Janet Hyde (1993)
              This meta-analysis surveyed 177 usable sources that reported data on gender differences on 21 different measures of sexual attitudes and behaviors. The largest gender difference was in incidence of masturbation: Men had the greater incidence (d = .96). There was also a large gender difference in attitudes toward casual sex: Males had considerably more permissive attitudes (d = .81). There were no gender differences in attitudes toward homosexuality or in sexual satisfaction. Most other gender differences were in the small-to-moderate range. Gender differences narrowed from the 1960s to the 1980s for many variables. Chodorow's neoanalytic theory, sociobiology, social learning theory, social role theory, and script theory are discussed in relation to these findings.
              Article 0 comments Cited 277 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
                Abbreviated Title: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
                Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1939-1846
                ISSN (Print): 0021-843X
                Publication date Created: 2002
                Publication date (Electronic): 2002
                Volume: 111
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 578-588
                Article
                DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.578
                PubMed ID: 12428771
                SO-VID: 2556b755-b3d1-4d14-8bf7-386c527b17f0
                Copyright © © 2002
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