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      3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) and its ring-substituted halogenated analogs (ring-DIMs) induce differential mechanisms of survival and death in androgen-dependent and –independent prostate cancer cells

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          Abstract

          We recently reported that novel ring-substituted analogs of 3,3′-diindolylmethane (ring-DIMs) induce apoptosis and necrosis in androgen-dependent and –independent prostate cancer cells. In this paper, we have focused on the mechanism(s) associated with ring-DIM-mediated cell death, and on identifying the specific intracellular target(s) of these compounds. The 4,4′- and 7,7′-dichloroDIMs and 4,4′- and 7,7′-dibromoDIMs induced the death of LNCaP, C42B and DU145 prostate cancer cells, but not that of immortalized normal human prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells. Ring-DIMs caused the early loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and decreased mitochondrial ATP generation in prostate cancer cells. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, inhibited ring-DIM-mediated cell death, and salubrinal, an inhibitor of ER stress, inhibited cell death mediated only by 4,4′-dihaloDIMs. We found that although salubrinal did not inhibit the onset of ER stress, it prevented 4,4′-dibromoDIM mediated loss of MMP. Salubrinal potentiated cell death in response to 7,7′-dihaloDIMs and DIM, and this effect concurred with increased loss of MMP. Using in silico 3-D docking affinity analysis, we identified Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) as a potential direct target for the most toxic ring-DIM, 4,4′-dibromoDIM. An inhibitor of CaMKII, KN93, but not its inactive analog KN92, abrogated cell death mediated by 4,4′-dibromoDIM. The ring-DIMs induced ER stress and autophagy, but these processes were not necessary for ring-DIM-mediated cell death. Inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1, 3-methyladenine or by LC3B gene silencing sensitized LNCaP and C42B, but not ATG5-deficient DU145 cells to ring-DIM- and DIM-mediated cell death. We propose that autophagy induced by the ring-DIMs and DIM has a cytoprotective function in prostate cancer cells.

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          NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.

          For the past 25 years NIH Image and ImageJ software have been pioneers as open tools for the analysis of scientific images. We discuss the origins, challenges and solutions of these two programs, and how their history can serve to advise and inform other software projects.
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            Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II links ER stress with Fas and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.

            ER stress-induced apoptosis is implicated in various pathological conditions, but the mechanisms linking ER stress-mediated signaling to downstream apoptotic pathways remain unclear. Using human and mouse cell culture and in vivo mouse models of ER stress-induced apoptosis, we have shown that cytosolic calcium resulting from ER stress induces expression of the Fas death receptor through a pathway involving calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIgamma (CaMKIIgamma) and JNK. Remarkably, CaMKIIgamma was also responsible for processes involved in mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, including release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. CaMKII-dependent apoptosis was also observed in a number of cultured human and mouse cells relevant to ER stress-induced pathology, including cultured macrophages, endothelial cells, and neuronal cells subjected to proapoptotic ER stress. Moreover, WT mice subjected to systemic ER stress showed evidence of macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, renal epithelial cell apoptosis, and renal dysfunction, and these effects were markedly reduced in CaMKIIgamma-deficient mice. These data support an integrated model in which CaMKII serves as a unifying link between ER stress and the Fas and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Our study also revealed what we believe to be a novel proapoptotic function for CaMKII, namely, promotion of mitochondrial calcium uptake. These findings raise the possibility that CaMKII inhibitors could be useful in preventing apoptosis in pathological settings involving ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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              The Blue Obelisk—Interoperability in Chemical Informatics

              The Blue Obelisk Movement (http://www.blueobelisk.org/) is the name used by a diverse Internet group promoting reusable chemistry via open source software development, consistent and complimentary chemoinformatics research, open data, and open standards. We outline recent examples of cooperation in the Blue Obelisk group:  a shared dictionary of algorithms and implementations in chemoinformatics algorithms drawing from our various software projects; a shared repository of chemoinformatics data including elemental properties, atomic radii, isotopes, atom typing rules, and so forth; and Web services for the platform-independent use of chemoinformatics programs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Genes Cancer
                Genes Cancer
                ImpactJ
                Genes & Cancer
                Impact Journals LLC
                1947-6019
                1947-6027
                May 2015
                May 2015
                : 6
                : 5-6
                : 265-280
                Affiliations
                1 INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
                2 Critical Care Division and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
                3 Department of Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
                4 Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, University of Cartagena, Colombia
                5 Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: J. Thomas Sanderson, thomas.sanderson@ 123456iaf.inrs.ca
                Article
                4482247
                26124925
                25581d04-023e-40c7-9827-0d964c360ead
                Copyright: © 2015 Goldberg et al.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 January 2015
                : 16 April 2015
                Categories
                Research Paper

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                prostate cancer,lncap,c42b,du145,mitochondrial function
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                prostate cancer, lncap, c42b, du145, mitochondrial function

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