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Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis.
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Abstract
Four meta-analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in personality in
the literature (1958-1992) and in normative data for well-known personality inventories
(1940-1992). Males were found to be more assertive and had slightly higher self-esteem
than females. Females were higher than males in extraversion, anxiety, trust, and,
especially, tender-mindedness (e.g., nurturance). There were no noteworthy sex differences
in social anxiety, impulsiveness, activity, ideas (e.g., reflectiveness), locus of
control, and orderliness. Gender differences in personality traits were generally
constant across ages, years of data collection, educational levels, and nations.