Human Toxocariasis: 2010 to 2020 Contributions from Brazilian Researchers

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Abstract

This is a review of the published contributions made by Brazilian researchers between 2010 and 2020 on the natural history of human toxocariasis and the effects of human toxocariasis on nonhuman paratenic hosts.

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The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: global trends.

Calum Macpherson, Paul Torgerson (2011)

Diseases resulting from zoonotic transmission of parasites are common. Humans become infected through food, water, soil and close contact with animals. Most parasitic zoonoses are neglected diseases despite causing a considerable global burden of ill health in humans and having a substantial financial burden on livestock industries. This review aims to bring together the current data available on global burden estimates of parasitic zoonoses and indicate any changes in the trends of these diseases. There is a clear need of such information as interventions to control zoonoses are often in their animal hosts. The costs of such interventions together with animal health issues will drive the cost effectiveness of intervention strategies. What is apparent is that collectively, parasitic zoonoses probably have a similar human disease burden to any one of the big three human infectious diseases: malaria, tuberculosis or HIV in addition to animal health burden. Although the global burden for most parasitic zoonoses is not yet known, the major contributors to the global burden of parasitic zoonoses are toxoplasmosis, food borne trematode infections, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniosis and zoonotic schistosomosis. In addition, diarrhoea resulting from zoonotic protozoa may have a significant impact. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms.

G Rubinsky-Elefant, C. Hirata, J. Yamamoto … (2010)

Although human toxocariasis ranks among the most common zoonotic infections worldwide, it remains relatively unknown to the public. The causal agents are the nematode parasites Toxocara canis and T. cati, whose definitive hosts are dogs and cats, respectively. When embryonated eggs are accidentally ingested by humans, larvae hatch in the small intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate, via the bloodstream, to the liver, lungs, muscles, eye and central nervous system. Although most human infections are asymptomatic, two well-defined clinical syndromes are classically recognised: visceral larva migrans (a systemic disease caused by larval migration through major organs) and ocular larva migrans (a disease limited to the eyes and optic nerves). Two less-severe syndromes have recently been described, one mainly in children (covert toxocariasis) and the other mainly in adults (common toxocariasis). Here, the current laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology and main clinical features of both the systemic and ocular forms of human toxocariasis are reviewed. New developments in serological diagnosis are described, the available seroprevalence data are analysed, and the results of relevant clinical studies that have been published over the last decade are explored, to provide an updated overview of this neglected but highly prevalent human infection.

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Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box

Filipe Dantas-Torres, Domenico Otranto (2014)

Dogs and cats in Brazil serve as primary hosts for a considerable number of parasites, which may affect their health and wellbeing. These may include endoparasites (e.g., protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes) and ectoparasites (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, and ticks). While some dog and cat parasites are highly host-specific (e.g., Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Felicola subrostratus for cats, and Angiostrongylus vasorum and Trichodectes canis for dogs), others may easily switch to other hosts, including humans. In fact, several dog and cat parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Toxocara canis) are important not only from a veterinary perspective but also from a medical standpoint. In addition, some of them (e.g., Lynxacarus radovskyi on cats and Rangelia vitalii in dogs) are little known to most veterinary practitioners working in Brazil. This article is a compendium on dog and cat parasites in Brazil and a call for a One Health approach towards a better management of some of these parasites, which may potentially affect humans. Practical aspects related to the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats in Brazil are discussed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Res Rep Trop Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Res Rep Trop Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): rrtm

Title: Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1179-7282

Publication date (Electronic): 19 May 2021

Publication date Collection: 2021

Volume: 12

Pages: 81-91

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Pathological Sciences, Santa Casa Medical School , São Paulo, Brazil

[2 ]Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute for Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil

[3 ]Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil

Author notes

Correspondence: Pedro Paulo Chieffi Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo , Rua Cesário Mota Junior, 112, São Paulo, CEP01221-020, BrasilTel +5511-33677722 Email pchieffi@usp.br

Author information

Pedro Paulo Chieffi http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-3032

Susana Angelica Zevallos Lescano http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4263-690X

Article

Publisher ID: 274733

DOI: 10.2147/RRTM.S274733

PMC ID: 8141392

PubMed ID: 34040480

SO-VID: 257adc09-a37a-4666-8b9a-09dafb6777cc

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This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

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Date received : 27 February 2021

Date accepted : 26 April 2021

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Figures: 2, Tables: 5, References: 123, Pages: 11

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Most cited references 123

The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: global trends.

Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms.

Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box

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