Genetic and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> from different sources in Egypt

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Abstract

Background

The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represented a great risk to public health. In this study, 60 STEC strains recovered from broiler and duck fecal samples, cow’s milk, cattle beef, human urine, and ear discharge were screened for 12 virulence genes, phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA).

Results

The majority of strains harbored Shiga toxin 1 ( stx ₁) and stx _1d, stx ₂ and stx _2e, and ehxA genes, while a minority harbored stx _2c subtype and eaeA. We identified 10 stx gene combinations; most of strains 31/60 (51.7%) exhibited four copies of stx genes, namely the stx ₁, stx _1d, stx ₂, and stx _2e, and the strains exhibited a high range of multiple antimicrobial resistance indices. The resistance genes blaCTX-M-1 and blaTEM were detected. For the oxytetracycline resistance genes, most of strains contained tetA, tetB, tetE, and tetG while the tetC was present at low frequency. MLVA genotyping resolved 26 unique genotypes; genotype 21 was highly prevalent. The six highly discriminatory loci DI = 0.9138 are suitable for the preliminary genotyping of STEC from animals and humans.

Conclusions

The STEC isolated from animals are virulent, resistant to antimicrobials, and genetically diverse, thus demands greater attention for the potential risk to human.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02308-w.

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Most cited references 84

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Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: a Clinical Update

David L. Paterson, Robert Bonomo (2005)

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are a rapidly evolving group of β-lactamases which share the ability to hydrolyze third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam yet are inhibited by clavulanic acid. Typically, they derive from genes for TEM-1, TEM-2, or SHV-1 by mutations that alter the amino acid configuration around the active site of these β-lactamases. This extends the spectrum of β-lactam antibiotics susceptible to hydrolysis by these enzymes. An increasing number of ESBLs not of TEM or SHV lineage have recently been described. The presence of ESBLs carries tremendous clinical significance. The ESBLs are frequently plasmid encoded. Plasmids responsible for ESBL production frequently carry genes encoding resistance to other drug classes (for example, aminoglycosides). Therefore, antibiotic options in the treatment of ESBL-producing organisms are extremely limited. Carbapenems are the treatment of choice for serious infections due to ESBL-producing organisms, yet carbapenem-resistant isolates have recently been reported. ESBL-producing organisms may appear susceptible to some extended-spectrum cephalosporins. However, treatment with such antibiotics has been associated with high failure rates. There is substantial debate as to the optimal method to prevent this occurrence. It has been proposed that cephalosporin breakpoints for the Enterobacteriaceae should be altered so that the need for ESBL detection would be obviated. At present, however, organizations such as the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) provide guidelines for the detection of ESBLs in klebsiellae and Escherichia coli . In common to all ESBL detection methods is the general principle that the activity of extended-spectrum cephalosporins against ESBL-producing organisms will be enhanced by the presence of clavulanic acid. ESBLs represent an impressive example of the ability of gram-negative bacteria to develop new antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the face of the introduction of new antimicrobial agents.

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Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods.

P Krumperman (1983)

Escherichia coli isolates taken from environments considered to have low and high enteric disease potential for humans were screened against 12 antibiotics to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance among the isolates of these environments. It was determined that multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli organisms exist in large numbers within the major reservoirs of enteric diseases for humans while existing in comparatively low numbers elsewhere. These differences provide a method for distinguishing high-risk contamination of foods by indexing the frequency with which multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli organisms occur among isolates taken from a sample.

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Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections.

James Paton, Adrienne W Paton (1998)

Since their initial recognition 20 years ago, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains have emerged as an important cause of serious human gastrointestinal disease, which may result in life-threatening complications such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Food-borne outbreaks of STEC disease appear to be increasing and, when mass-produced and mass-distributed foods are concerned, can involve large numbers of people. Development of therapeutic and preventative strategies to combat STEC disease requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which STEC organisms colonize the human intestinal tract and cause local and systemic pathological changes. While our knowledge remains incomplete, recent studies have improved our understanding of these processes, particularly the complex interaction between Shiga toxins and host cells, which is central to the pathogenesis of STEC disease. In addition, several putative accessory virulence factors have been identified and partly characterized. The capacity to limit the scale and severity of STEC disease is also dependent upon rapid and sensitive diagnostic procedures for analysis of human samples and suspect vehicles. The increased application of advanced molecular technologies in clinical laboratories has significantly improved our capacity to diagnose STEC infection early in the course of disease and to detect low levels of environmental contamination. This, in turn, has created a potential window of opportunity for future therapeutic intervention.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Mohamed Sabry Abd Elraheam Elsayed: mohamed.sabry@vet.usc.edu.eg , mohammedelsayed529@yahoo.com

Samah Mahmoud Eldsouky: samahmahmoed83@yahoo.com

Tamer Roshdy: tamer.roshdy@gebri.usc.edu.eg

Abeer Mohamed Ahmed Bayoume: bero.micro@gmail.com

Ghada M. Nasr: nasr_mi@yahoo.com

Ali S. A. Salama: Ali.salama@yahoo.com

Behiry A. Akl: Beharyakl2005@yahoo.com

Al Shaimaa Hasan: DRelshimaa.hassan@med.svu.edu.eg

Amany Kasem Shahat: dramany.kasem2020@gmail.com

Rana Atef Khashaba: rana.atef2207.ra@gmail.com

Walid Abdellatif Abdelhalim: waleed.abdellateef@gmail.com

Hend E. Nasr: hend.n242@gmail.com

Lina Abdelhady Mohammed: lina.abdelhadybio@gmail.com

Ahmed Salah: ahmed.salah@gebri.usc.edu.eg

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Microbiol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Microbiol

Title: BMC Microbiology

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2180

Publication date (Electronic): 23 September 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 23 September 2021

Publication date Collection: 2021

Volume: 21

Electronic Location Identifier: 257

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.449877.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4652 351X, Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , University of Sadat City, ; Sadat City, Menoufia Egypt

[2 ]GRID grid.411660.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 2741, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, , Benha University, ; Benha, Egypt

[3 ]GRID grid.449877.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4652 351X, Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, , University of Sadat City, ; Sadat City, Menoufia Egypt

[4 ]GRID grid.449877.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4652 351X, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, , University of Sadat City, ; Sadat City, Menoufia Egypt

[5 ]GRID grid.449877.1, ISNI 0000 0004 4652 351X, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, , University of Sadat City, ; Sadat City, Menoufia 32897 Egypt

[6 ]GRID grid.31451.32, ISNI 0000 0001 2158 2757, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, , Zagazig University, ; Zagazig, Egypt

[7 ]GRID grid.412707.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 7833, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Qena Faculty of Medicine, , South Valley University, ; Qena, Egypt

[8 ]GRID grid.411660.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 2741, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, , Benha University, ; Benha, Egypt

[9 ]GRID grid.411660.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 2741, Department of Clinical Pathology and Chemistry, Benha Faculty of Medicine, , Benha University, ; Benha, Egypt

[10 ]GRID grid.411660.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0621 2741, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, , Benha University, ; Benha, Egypt

Article

Publisher ID: 2308

DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02308-w

PMC ID: 8461963

PubMed ID: 34556033

SO-VID: 25a8a4f5-7c4f-4adf-bc8a-9bff7d3dd7bc

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 17 March 2021

Date accepted : 28 August 2021

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli,animals and human,virulence genes,antimicrobial resistance genes,mlva genotyping

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, animals and human, virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance genes, mlva genotyping

Genetic and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from different sources in Egypt

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Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusions

Supplementary Information

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Role of Microbes in Soil Fertility and Human Health

Most cited references 84

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: a Clinical Update

Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods.

Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections.

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