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      La evolución de las desigualdades en salud en Cataluña Translated title: Evolution of health inequalities in Catalonia [Spain]

      review-article
      ,
      Gaceta Sanitaria
      Ediciones Doyma, S.L.
      Evolución, Clase social, Mortalidad, Política, Desigualdades, Evolution, Social class, Mortality, Politics, Inequalities

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de las desigualdades sociales en salud en Cataluña en las últimas 2 décadas. Métodos: Se ha analizado la mortalidad en 354 áreas pequeñas de Cataluña (288 municipios o agregados de municipios de Cataluña y 66 Zonas Básicas de Salud de la ciudad de Barcelona) para el período 1984-1998. Se han comparado los indicadores de salud percibida, los estilos de vida y la utilización de servicios sanitarios por clase social y género en 1994 y 2002. Asimismo, se han analizado aspectos relacionados con la salud laboral, la salud y la inmigración, el medioambiente y las políticas para reducir las desigualdades en salud. Resultados: Aunque la mayoría de indicadores de salud ha mejorado a lo largo de los últimos años, este trabajo ha puesto de relieve la presencia de múltiples desigualdades sociales en salud, tanto en 1994 como en 2002, y el hecho de que éstas se mantienen o, en determinados casos, incluso aumentan. Así, las personas que viven en las áreas geográficas con mayor privación material, la población de las clases desfavorecidas, las mujeres y los inmigrantes provenientes de países de renta baja son los colectivos más perjudicados. Conclusiones: Se pone de manifiesto la presencia de desigualdades en salud y su estabilidad en el tiempo. Se hacen recomendaciones relacionadas con los sistemas de información y la difusión, la investigación y las políticas para reducir estas desigualdades.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To analyze the evolution of social inequalities in health in Catalonia (Spain) in the last 20 years. Methods: Mortality in 354 small areas of Catalonia (288 cities in Catalonia and 66 health areas in the city of Barcelona) was analyzed for the 1984-98 period. Indicators of self-perceived health status, lifestyles, and health services utilization by social class and gender were compared for 1994 and 2002. Factors related to occupational health, immigration and health, environmental health, and policies to reduce social inequalities in health were also analyzed. Results: Although most health indicators improved, multiple inequalities in health were found in both 1994 and 2002. These inequalities were the same in 2002 as in 1994 or, in some cases, worse. The collectives with the worst indicators were persons living in the most deprived areas, those from disadvantaged social classes, women, and immigrants from low-income countries. Conclusion: Social inequalities in health have persisted over the past 20 years in Catalonia. We present some recommendations on health information systems, research, and policies to reduce these inequalities.

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          Most cited references49

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          The concepts and principles of equity and health.

          In 1984, the 32 member states of the World Health Organization European Region took a remarkable step forward in agreeing unanimously on 38 targets for a common health policy for the Region. Not only was equity the subject of the first of these targets, but it was also seen as a fundamental theme running right through the policy as a whole. However, equity can mean different things to different people. This article looks at the concepts and principles of equity as understood in the context of the World Health Organization's Health for All policy. After considering the possible causes of the differences in health observed in populations--some of them inevitable and some unnecessary and unfair--the author discusses equity in relation to health care, concentrating on issues of access to care, utilization, and quality. Lastly, seven principles for action are outlined, stemming from these concepts, to be borne in mind when designing or implementing policies, so that greater equity in health and health care can be promoted.
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            Trends in smoking behaviour between 1985 and 2000 in nine European countries by education.

            To examine whether trends in smoking behaviour in Western Europe between 1985 and 2000 differed by education group. Data of smoking behaviour and education level were obtained from national cross sectional surveys conducted between 1985 and 2000 (a period characterised by intense tobacco control policies) and analysed for countries combined and each country separately. Annual trends in smoking prevalence and the quantity of cigarettes consumed by smokers were summarised for each education level. Education inequalities in smoking were examined at four time points. Data were obtained from nine European countries: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and Spain. 451 386 non-institutionalised men and women 25-79 years old. Smoking status, daily quantity of cigarettes consumed by smokers. Combined country analyses showed greater declines in smoking and tobacco consumption among tertiary educated men and women compared with their less educated counterparts. In country specific analyses, elementary educated British men and women, and elementary educated Italian men showed greater declines in smoking than their more educated counterparts. Among Swedish, Finnish, Danish, German, Italian, and Spanish women, greater declines were seen among more educated groups. Widening education inequalities in smoking related diseases may be seen in several European countries in the future. More insight into effective strategies specifically targeting the smoking behaviour of low educated groups may be gained from examining the tobacco control policies of the UK and Italy over this period.
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              Evaluating the impact of methadone maintenance programmes on mortality due to overdose and aids in a cohort of heroin users in Spain.

              To assess the relationship between methadone treatment (MT) and overdose and HIV/AIDS mortality among heroin users resident in Barcelona city. All patients who started treatment in any treatment centre between 1992 and 1997 were included in a cohort the first time they were admitted for heroin addiction treatment. Follow-up controls were carried out every 9 months, on average, until 31 December 1999. Variables, both constant and varying over time, were fitted into Cox regression models. The study recruited 5049 patients, which provided 23,048.2 person-years. Fifty per cent were in MT during the study period; of the total cohort 1005 patients died: 38.4% due to AIDS, 34.7% to overdose and 27% to other causes. Overall mortality decreased from 5.9 deaths per 100 person-years in 1992 to 1.6 in 1999. Globally, life expectancy at birth was 39 years, 38 years lower than that of the general population. The main factor for overdose mortality was not being in MT at the time of death [relative ratio (RR) = 7.1]; other factors were being a current injector at baseline and being HIV positive. For AIDS mortality, the main factor was the calendar year (RR for 1996 versus 1999 = 4.6), the next major factor was more than 10 years of heroin consumption, followed by not being in MT, being unemployed, then having a prison record. The observed mortality decline could be linked to the effectiveness of low-threshold MT. The life expectancy of heroin users increased by 21 years during the study period.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                October 2006
                : 20
                : 5
                : 396-406
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameAgència de Salut Pública de Barcelona España
                [01] Barcelona orgnameCentre d'Anàlisi i Programes Sanitaris España
                [03] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Pompeu Fabra orgdiv1Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut orgdiv2Unitat de Recerca en Salut Laboral España
                Article
                S0213-91112006000500010 S0213-9111(06)02000500010
                25ad4b0a-3e9c-4ca5-815d-4c489afb1a94

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 October 2005
                : 17 November 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Categories
                Revisión

                Evolution,Politics,Desigualdades,Política,Social class,Mortality,Inequalities,Mortalidad,Evolución,Clase social

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