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      Factores asociados al fracaso virológico en pacientes VIH con tratamiento antirretroviral Translated title: Factors associated with virologic failure in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al fracaso virológico en pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana con tratamiento antirretroviral atendidos en una institución de salud colombiana. Método: Estudio transversal, observacional, retrospectivo y analítico en pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana con tratamiento antirretroviral entre 2007-2020. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, farmacológicas y clínicas, incluyendo la carga viral, el grado de adherencia y la tasa de reclamación de medicamentos. Para el análisis estadístico se obtuvieron las odds ratio crudas y ajustadas y los intervalos de confianza. Resultados: De una población de 5.406 pacientes, la proporción de fracaso virológico fue de 16,7% y en el modelo ajustado se encontró asociación entre el fracaso virológico con el tiempo en el tratamiento mayor a un año, la tasa de posesión de la reclamación inferior al 80%, la no reclamación oportuna por omisión o suspensión, la adherencia inferior al 85%, el recuento de CD4 inferior a 500, niveles de colesterol total mayores de 201 mg/dl, lipoproteína de alta densidad menor de 39 mg/dl y presencia de micosis. Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte de pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, un menor tiempo en tratamiento, un recuento de CD4 menor de 200, una baja tasa de reclamación de los medicamentos, así como la no reclamación oportuna por omisión y suspensión y un menor grado de adherencia son factores que se relacionan con el fracaso virológico.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: To determine the factors associated with virologic failure in HIV patients on antiretroviral treatment treated in a Colombian health institution. Method: This was a cross-sectional observational retrospective analytical study of HIV patients receiving antiretroviral treatment between 2007‑2020. Sociodemographic, pharmacological and clinical variables were collected, including viral load, adherence, and the medication possession ratio. For statistical analysis, crude and adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals were obtained. Results: In a population of 5,406 patients, the proportion of virologic failure was 16.7%. Moreover, in the adjusted model, an association was found between virologic failure and time on treatment greater than one year, medication possession ratio under 80%, failure to claim medications from the pharmacy due to dose omission or discontinuation, adherence under 85%, CD4 count under 500, total cholesterol levels above 201 mg/dL, high density lipoproteins under 39 mg/dL and presence of mycosis. Conclusions: In our cohort of HIV patients, short treatment periods, CD4 counts under 200, a low medication possession ratio, failure to timely claim medications from the pharmacy due to omission or discontinuation, and a lower degree of adherence were factors related to virologic failure.

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          Most cited references31

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          Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies

          Summary Background Health care for people living with HIV has improved substantially in the past two decades. Robust estimates of how these improvements have affected prognosis and life expectancy are of utmost importance to patients, clinicians, and health-care planners. We examined changes in 3 year survival and life expectancy of patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 1996 and 2013. Methods We analysed data from 18 European and North American HIV-1 cohorts. Patients (aged ≥16 years) were eligible for this analysis if they had started ART with three or more drugs between 1996 and 2010 and had at least 3 years of potential follow-up. We estimated adjusted (for age, sex, AIDS, risk group, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA at start of ART) all-cause and cause-specific mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for the first year after ART initiation and the second and third years after ART initiation in four calendar periods (1996–99, 2000–03 [comparator], 2004–07, 2008–10). We estimated life expectancy by calendar period of initiation of ART. Findings 88 504 patients were included in our analyses, of whom 2106 died during the first year of ART and 2302 died during the second or third year of ART. Patients starting ART in 2008–10 had lower all-cause mortality in the first year after ART initiation than did patients starting ART in 2000–03 (adjusted HR 0·71, 95% CI 0·61–0·83). All-cause mortality in the second and third years after initiation of ART was also lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 than in those who started in 2000–03 (0·57, 0·49–0·67); this decrease was not fully explained by viral load and CD4 cell count at 1 year. Rates of non-AIDS deaths were lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 (vs 2000–03) in the first year (0·48, 0·34–0·67) and second and third years (0·29, 0·21–0·40) after initiation of ART. Between 1996 and 2010, life expectancy in 20-year-old patients starting ART increased by about 9 years in women and 10 years in men. Interpretation Even in the late ART era, survival during the first 3 years of ART continues to improve, which probably reflects transition to less toxic antiretroviral drugs, improved adherence, prophylactic measures, and management of comorbidity. Prognostic models and life expectancy estimates should be updated to account for these improvements. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Department for International Development, EU EDCTP2 programme.
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            HIV virologic failure and its predictors among HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in the African Cohort Study

            Introduction The 2016 WHO consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs defines HIV virologic failure for low and middle income countries (LMIC) as plasma HIV-RNA ≥ 1000 copies/mL. We evaluated virologic failure and predictors in four African countries. Materials and methods We included HIV-infected participants on a WHO recommended antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen and enrolled in the African Cohort Study between January 2013 and October 2017. Studied outcomes were virologic failure (plasma HIV-RNA ≥ 1000 copies/mL at the most recent visit), viraemia (plasma HIV-RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL at the most recent visit); and persistent viraemia (plasma HIV-RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL at two consecutive visits). Generalized linear models were used to estimate relative risks with their 95% confidence intervals. Results 2054 participants were included in this analysis. Viraemia, persistent viraemia and virologic failure were observed in 396 (19.3%), 160 (7.8%) and 184 (9%) participants respectively. Of the participants with persistent viraemia, only 57.5% (92/160) had confirmed virologic failure. In the multivariate analysis, attending clinical care site other than the Uganda sitebeing on 2nd line ART (aRR 1.8, 95% CI 1·28–2·66); other ART combinations not first line and not second line (aRR 3.8, 95% CI 1.18–11.9), a history of fever in the past week (aRR 3.7, 95% CI 1.69–8.05), low CD4 count (aRR 6.9, 95% CI 4.7–10.2) and missing any day of ART (aRR 1·8, 95% CI 1·27–2.57) increased the risk of virologic failure. Being on 2nd line therapy, the site where one receives care and CD4 count < 500 predicted viraemia, persistent viraemia and virologic failure. Conclusion In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that HIV-infected patients established on ART for more than six months in the African setting frequently experienced viraemia while continuing to be on ART. The findings also show that being on second line, low CD4 count, missing any day of ART and history of fever in the past week remain important predictors of virologic failure that should trigger intensified adherence counselling especially in the absence of reliable or readily available viral load monitoring. Finally, clinical care sites are different calling for further analyses to elucidate on the unique features of these sites.
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              Risk factors for virological failure and subtherapeutic antiretroviral drug concentrations in HIV-positive adults treated in rural northwestern Uganda

              Background Little is known about immunovirological treatment outcomes and adherence in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated using a simplified management approach in rural areas of developing countries, or about the main factors influencing those outcomes in clinical practice. Methods Cross-sectional immunovirological, pharmacological, and adherence outcomes were evaluated in all patients alive and on fixed-dose ART combinations for 24 months, and in a random sample of those treated for 12 months. Risk factors for virological failure (>1,000 copies/ml) and subtherapeutic antiretroviral (ARV) concentrations were investigated with multiple logistic regression. Results At 12 and 24 months of ART, 72% (n = 701) and 70% (n = 369) of patients, respectively, were alive and in care. About 8% and 38% of patients, respectively, were diagnosed with immunological failure; and 75% and 72% of patients, respectively, had undetectable HIV RNA ( 1,000 copies/ml) were poor adherence, tuberculosis diagnosed after ART initiation, subtherapeutic NNRTI concentrations, general clinical symptoms, and lower weight than at baseline. About 14% of patients had low ARV plasma concentrations. Digestive symptoms and poor adherence to ART were risk factors for low ARV plasma concentrations. Conclusion Efforts to improve both access to care and patient management to achieve better immunological and virological outcomes on ART are necessary to maximize the duration of first-line therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                fh
                Farmacia Hospitalaria
                Farm Hosp.
                Grupo Aula Médica (Toledo, Toledo, Spain )
                1130-6343
                2171-8695
                October 2022
                : 46
                : 5
                : 282-289
                Affiliations
                [2] orgname+Helpharma IPS orgdiv1Grupo Farmacoepidemiología y Gestión de Riesgo Colombia
                [1] Medellín orgnameOmnivida orgdiv1Grupo Generación de valor en Salud Colombia
                [3] orgnameCoordinación científica SURA EPS Colombia
                [4] Antioquía orgnameUniversidad CES orgdiv1Grupo Epidemiología y Bioestadística Colombia
                Article
                S1130-63432022000500002 S1130-6343(22)04600500002
                10.7399/fh.11834
                25be6c83-4e4a-4da7-b19b-a11b4fb66065

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 September 2021
                : 15 May 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                VIH,Medication adherence,Viral load,Antiretroviral therapy,HIV,Virologic failure,Resultado del tratamiento,Fracaso virológico,Cumplimiento de la medicación,Carga viral,Terapia antirretroviral,Treatment outcome

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