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      Guía para el estudio no invasivo de la isquemia crónica de los miembros inferiores Translated title: Guide for the non-invasive study of lower extremity chronic ischemia

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          Abstract

          Resumen Nuevamente, desde el Capítulo de Diagnóstico Vascular de la Sociedad Española de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular nos proponemos la actualización de una guía de diagnóstico. Concretamente, la Guía de estudio de la isquemia de miembros inferiores. Creemos que la elaboración, la difusión y la utilización de guías de todo tipo permitirá una mayor homogenización en el uso y en la difusión de las técnicas de diagnóstico que utilizamos en nuestro quehacer diario. La homogenización permitirá una mayor fiabilidad y prestigio en estas exploraciones. Por otra parte, la naturaleza de las guías de diagnóstico requiere mucha menos renovación que otro tipo de guías y de documentos: las exploraciones que configuran nuestro motivo de ser no suelen variar de forma profunda a lo largo del tiempo. Ahora bien, es cierto que las explicaciones pueden darse de otro modo y complementar las ya existentes, en absoluto obsoletas. Con este espíritu hemos abordado la elaboración de esta actualización. Se ha respetado completamente la guía previa publicada en 2009. Solo nos hemos permitido reescribir, por su importancia y por su papel como piedra angular en el estudio de la isquemia de miembros inferiores, el capítulo dedicado al estudio con ecografía Doppler arterial de las extremidades inferiores, aunque siempre con una visión complementaria, no excluyente, a lo ya publicado hace tantos años. El resto de la guía expone tres exploraciones emergentes, no tratadas previamente, pues casi no existían, que pueden suponer un avance, una mejora si cabe, en el estudio arterial de las extremidades isquémicas. Se trata del tiempo de aceleración pedal, tema de rabiosa actualidad, de la determinación de la presión transcutánea de oxígeno, tan importante en la patología isquémica del diabético, y, finalmente, de la angiografía de perfusión, técnica de diagnóstico emergente y con infinidad de posibilidades, muchas de ellas ni siquiera estudiadas. Para realizar el presente trabajo hemos acudido a profesionales contrastados en cada apartado tratado. Creemos que la guía supondrá una ayuda para el mejor desarrollo de nuestras exploraciones diarias en isquemia de los miembros inferiores.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Once again, from the Vascular Diagnosis Chapter of the Spanish Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, we propose to update a diagnostic guide. Specifically, the Lower Limb Ischemia Study Guide. We believe that the elaboration, diffusion, and use of guides of all kinds will allow a greater homogenization in the use and diffusion of the diagnostic techniques that we use in our daily work. Homogenization will allow greater reliability and prestige in these explorations. On the other hand, the nature of diagnostic guides requires much less renewal than other types of guides and documents: the examinations that make up our reason for being do not usually vary profoundly over time. Now, it is true that the explanations can be given in another way and complement the existing ones, which are by no means obsolete. It is in this spirit that we have approached the making of this update. The previous guideline published in 2009 has been fully respected. Due to its importance and its role as a cornerstone in the study of lower limb ischemia, we have rewritten the chapter dedicated to the study with arterial Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs, although always with a complementary vision, not exclusive, to what was already published so many years ago. The rest of the guide exposes three emerging explorations, not previously treated, since they hardly existed, which may represent an advance, an improvement, if possible, in the arterial study of ischemic extremities. It deals with pedal acceleration time, a high topic, with the determination of transcutaneous oxygen pressure, so important in the ischemic pathology of diabetics, and, finally, with perfusion angiography, an emerging diagnostic technique with infinite possibilities, many of them not even studied. To carry out this work we have turned to proven professionals in each treated section. We believe that the guide will help to better carry out our daily explorations in ischemia of the lower limbs.

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          Most cited references30

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          Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia

          Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG) are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR) hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP) and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen) has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies) for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative.
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            The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI).

            Critical limb ischemia, first defined in 1982, was intended to delineate a subgroup of patients with a threatened lower extremity primarily because of chronic ischemia. It was the intent of the original authors that patients with diabetes be excluded or analyzed separately. The Fontaine and Rutherford Systems have been used to classify risk of amputation and likelihood of benefit from revascularization by subcategorizing patients into two groups: ischemic rest pain and tissue loss. Due to demographic shifts over the last 40 years, especially a dramatic rise in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and rapidly expanding techniques of revascularization, it has become increasingly difficult to perform meaningful outcomes analysis for patients with threatened limbs using these existing classification systems. Particularly in patients with diabetes, limb threat is part of a broad disease spectrum. Perfusion is only one determinant of outcome; wound extent and the presence and severity of infection also greatly impact the threat to a limb. Therefore, the Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Guidelines Committee undertook the task of creating a new classification of the threatened lower extremity that reflects these important considerations. We term this new framework, the Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System. Risk stratification is based on three major factors that impact amputation risk and clinical management: Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI). The implementation of this classification system is intended to permit more meaningful analysis of outcomes for various forms of therapy in this challenging, but heterogeneous population.
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              Doppler ultrasonography of the lower extremity arteries: anatomy and scanning guidelines

              Ji Hwang (2017)
              Doppler ultrasonography of the lower extremity arteries is a valuable technique, although it is less frequently indicated for peripheral arterial disease than for deep vein thrombosis or varicose veins. Ultrasonography can diagnose stenosis through the direct visualization of plaques and through the analysis of the Doppler waveforms in stenotic and poststenotic arteries. To perform Doppler ultrasonography of the lower extremity arteries, the operator should be familiar with the arterial anatomy of the lower extremities, basic scanning techniques, and the parameters used in color and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                June 2023
                : 75
                : 3
                : 165-180
                Affiliations
                [4] Les Escaldes orgnameHospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell orgdiv1Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular Andorra
                [3] Bilbao orgnameHospital de Basurto orgdiv1Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular España
                [2] Alcorcón Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón orgdiv1Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular España
                [1] L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona orgnameHospital Universitari de Bellvitge orgdiv1Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular Spain
                Article
                S0003-31702023000300005 S0003-3170(23)07500300005
                10.20960/angiologia.00469
                25c39ca8-5755-4b66-81d5-d43880efb643

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 September 2022
                : 12 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos Especiales

                Ecografía Doppler,Isquemia de extremidades inferiores,Cartografía arterial,Tiempo de aceleración pedal,Presión transcutánea de oxígeno,Angiografía de perfusión,Doppler echography,Lower limbs ischemia,Arterial mapping,Pedal acceleration time,Transcutaneous oxygen pressure,Perfusion angiography

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